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Macroeconomics Theory and Economic Reality.epub
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宏观经济学理论与经济现实Macroeconomics Theory and Economic Reality
这份宏观经济学资料围绕宏观经济理论与现实展开，给出完整章节目录，在编写上侧重清晰性与宏观整体视角，对部分内容做简化处理，弱化长短周期的绝对割裂，将习题视作学习的重要组成部分，把部分热点争议议题留给授课教师拓展；同时说明了多处编写取舍，例如只讲解支出法 GDP、简化索洛模型剔除人口增长因素等，旨在帮助学习者掌握宏观经济学基础概念、模型与分析工具。
Chapter 1– Basic Concepts and Measures of Production13
1.1 The Economy as a Whole13
1.2 Long run and Short run14
1.3 Short-Run Models and Long-Run Models17
1.4 Causality, “links” between variables, and “all other things being equal”20
1.5 Data Charts and Theoretical Charts23
1.6 Useful Formulas and Common Calculations24
1.7 Measuring the Economy29
1.8 GDP and GDP per Capita34
1.9 The price of everything produced38
Exercises43
Chapter 2– Production, Productivity, and Well-Being49
2.1 Measuring Well-Being49
2.2 Production, Income, and the Production Function51
2.3 Productivity Function57
2.4 Innovation, Technology, and Jobs62
Exercises68
Chapter 3– Long-run growth and the Solow Model75
3.1 Productivity75
3.2 Steady state80
3.3 Solow Model84
3.4 Convergence of Standards of Living90
Exercises98
Chapter 4– Labor Market105
4.1 Introduction105
4.2 The Labor Force Survey106
4.3 The three key labor market rates107
4.4 A Model for the Labor Market111
Exercises124Macroeconomics: Theory and Economic Reality
6
Chapter 5– Inflation and Returns133
5.1 Introduction133
5.2 Measuring Inflation134
5.3 The Reality of Measuring Inflation136
5.4 GDP Deflator: Another Price Indicator137
5.5 Nominal and Real Measures 138
5.6 Causes of Inflation140
5.7 Inflation, the Value of Money, and the Costs of Inflation141
Exercises150
Chapter 6– Savings, Investment, and Interest Rates in the Long Run157
6.1 Interest Rates in the Short Run and in the Long Run157
6.2 Financial Intermediation158
6.3 The Market for Loanable Funds and Interest Rates in the Long Run162
6.4 Determinants of the Supply and Demand for Funds165
Exercises182
Chapter 7– Money and Interest Rates in the Short Run191
7.1 Credit and Money191
7.2 Characteristics and Forms of Money193
7.3 The Central Bank195
7.4 The Banking System, Money Creation, and the Money Multiplier197
7.5 Money and Inflation200
7.6 Money Market and Interest Rates in the Short Run203
rcises211
Chapter 8– Exchange Rates217
8.1 Trade with the Rest of the World217
8.2 Currencies and Nominal Exchange Rates217
8.3 Real exchange rate220
8.4 PPP and Exchange Rates in the Long Run224
8.5 IRP and Exchange Rates in the Short Run227
Exercises239
Chapter 9– Short-Run Economic Fluctuations247
9.1 Output Gap and Fluctuations in Output247
9.2 Aggregate Supply and Demand Model250
9.3 Aggregate Demand251
ctors Shifting the Aggregate Demand Curve252
9.5 Aggregate Supply 255
9.6 Factors Shifting Supply Curves257
9.7 Shocks and Fluctuations261
9.8 Return to Equilibrium in the Long Run265
Exercises269
Chapter 10– Central Bank and Monetary Policy275
10.1 Introduction275
10.2 The Bank of Canada’s Operational Framework276
10.3 Balance Sheet Operations278
10.4 Foreign Exchange Market Interventions280
10.5 The Neutral Interest Rate286
10.6 Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism287
10.7 Some comments and clarifications289
Exercises294
Chapter 11– Government Budget and Fiscal Policy303
11.1 The Government in the Economy303
11.2 The Federal Budget304
11.3 Assessing Government Debt305
11.4 The Rise in the Debt-to-GDP Ratio309
11.5 The Average Interest Rate on Debt311
11.6 Short-Run Effects of Fiscal Policy312
Exercises320
Chapter 12– International Trade329
12.1 Absolute Advantage and Comparative Advantage329
12.2 What Should the Exchange Price Be?332
12.3 Where do comparative advantages come from?334
12.4 A Graphical Representation of Trade336
12.5 Import Tariffs338
Exercises344
Macroeconomics: Theory and Economic Reality
The priority in this text is clarity and providing a “big-picture view” of major phenomena, fundamental concepts, and analytical tools, rather than technical and specialized training. There are therefore a few places where there will be omissions and/or “simplifications” to streamline the text, the model, and the message, and to focus attention on the fundamental concepts essential to understanding macroeconomic phenomena.
Students will obviously not know what this text does not cover or what it “oversimplifies,” but instructors will undoubtedly notice occasional minor discrepancies, which are conscious and explicit choices on my part and are found in all introductory textbooks. These omissions in favor of fundamental principles and ideas do not hinder or disadvantage students who go on to pursue more advanced studies, as evi-denced by many of our graduates with a BBA in Economics, who are now master’s and PhD students in excellent programs in Canada, the United States, and elsewhere.
It should be noted that the exercises are a fundamental part of the textbook and serve to clarify the material and/or significantly reinforce concepts for students. It is essential for those who wish to master the material to complete all the exercises. The exercises are truly integrated into the material and are sometimes even complementary to the main text.
A key choice in this text is not to draw such a sharp distinction between the “short run” and the “long run” as is often done, although some chapters focus more on one or the other of these time horizons.
It should also be noted that major debates are not particularly ominent in this text (inequality, tax-ation and redistribution, debates on macroeconomic policies and schools of thought, environmental issues related to production and consumption, etc.). This omission is not because these topics are unimportant, but to give instructors the freedom to choose which debates to address in order to shed light on them and provide nuance during discussions.
To clarify a few important points for economics instructors, below are some specific choices made in the text or comments on its content—sometimes for the sake of keeping the message simple and clear, sometimes to save time so that more fundamental or important concepts can be covered elsewhere, and sometimes to ensure consistency between the models presented in the text’s various chapters:
Chapter 1 is boring but fundamental. It may sound humorous, but it is through this first chapter that we can “bring everyone up to speed,” introduce the deductive reasoning typical of economic analysis, and provide the tools needed to then tackle the many fascinating topics of macro-economic analysis, knowing that everyone has the basic tools to discuss the economic models and phenomena that interest us. So, it’s a bit like learning how to use a hammer so you can later build buildings: it’s not a thrilling learning experience, but it paves the way for rich and varied learning later.
We cover only GDP by expenditureand do not focus on GDP by income or by value added. It’s a bit of a shame, but that’s the way it is—the material to be covered in a single session is already quite dense.
The Solow modelis simplified to eliminate the effect of population growth, and we study the model in terms of capital stock “K” and total income “Y,” rather than capital per worker and income per worker as in the classical model. However, the model’s fundamental conclusions remain the same when presenting the results under the assumption that “all other things are equal”: given a constant labor supply, an increase in total income obviously raises income per worker and per capita.population and constant
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