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英文文献：North Africa - Working paper - Trade Volume and Economic Growth in the MENA Region: Goods or Services?-北非-工作文件-中东和北非地区的贸易量和经济增长:商品还是服务?
英文文献摘要：
Key messages ? The relatively important trade barriers do not only have a negative impact on service trade, but also on the competitiveness of manufacturing, especially that some services such as transport and telecommunication services as well as financial services are complementary to goods production and exports. ? The study underline that trade in services and trade in goods both do increase gross domestic product as trade policy openness and higher ratios of trade volumes to gross domestic product are positively correlated with growth. ? However the effect of trade in goods seems to be higher than the effect of trade in services. The reason behind this finding is related to the fact that while the MENA region has significantly liberalized its trade in goods, trade in services is still facing several impediments and constraints making the effect of the latter on growth very limited. ? The interaction between trade in goods and trade in services is negative. This result is surprising given the complementarity between trade in goods and trade in services. Inefficient services, provided mostly by the public sector, and the high cost of key backbone services such as transport, telecommunications, storage and distribution are important factors that raise the cost of MENA exports (both services and manufacturing), while also impeding trade expansion in the MENA region. ? The fundamental function that many services perform in relation to overall economic growth is that they enhance the value of manufactured products and coordinate global value chains.
关键信息?相对重要的贸易壁垒不仅对服务贸易产生负面影响,但也对制造业的竞争力,尤其是一些服务,如运输和电信服务以及金融服务是互补的商品生产和出口。?该研究强调，由于贸易政策的开放以及较高的贸易量占国内生产总值(gdp)的比例与经济增长呈正相关，服务贸易和商品贸易都能提高国内生产总值(gdp)。?然而，货物贸易的影响似乎高于服务贸易的影响。这一发现背后的原因是，尽管中东和北非地区已大幅放开其货物贸易，但服务贸易仍面临若干障碍和限制，使后者对增长的影响非常有限。?商品贸易和服务贸易之间的相互作用是负的。考虑到货物贸易和服务贸易之间的互补性，这个结果令人惊讶。主要由公共部门提供的服务效率低下，以及运输、电信、储存和分销等关键骨干服务的高成本，是抬高中东和北非地区出口(服务业和制造业)成本的重要因素，同时也阻碍了中东和北非地区的贸易扩张。?许多服务在整体经济增长中发挥的基本作用是，它们提高了制造业产品的价值，协调了全球价值链。
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