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英文文献：Working Paper 330 - Labor Market Flexibility and Jobs in Selected African Countries-工作文件330 -选定非洲国家的劳动力市场灵活性和就业
英文文献作者：Andinet Woldemichael,Margaret Joldowski,Abebe Shimeles
英文文献摘要：
A flexible labor market is a precondition for fast and efficient structural transformation—the reallocation of labor from low-to high-productivity jobs. This paper uses individual-level data that spans more than 15 years to analyze labor market flexibility in four of Africa’s biggest or fastest-growing economies—Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and South Africa. The paper uses standard labor market mobility matrices and the Shorrocks mobility index. In addition, it estimates a dynamic random effects of participation rate and examines transitions between unemployment and employment, self-employment and wage-salary employment, and agricultural and nonagricultural sectors. While the two Sub-Saharan countries—Ethiopia and Nigeria—have relatively flexible labor markets—primarily due to the prevalence of the informal and agricultural sectors with low barriers to entry—Egypt and South Africa present relatively rigid mobility across labor market statuses. Roughly half the observed rigidity in entering the labor market in Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa can be explained by worker characteristics such as age, gender, and education, whereas the other half is mainly due to institutional barriers and the lack of high-quality jobs. Although a normative assessment of the informal sector is difficult, its ability to absorb excess labor from an improperly functioning formal sector stands out. Thus, the informal sector is to be outgrown, not ignored. JEL Classification: J01; J21;J42; J46; J61
灵活的劳动力市场是快速有效的结构转型的前提条件，即劳动力从低生产率的工作岗位向高生产率的工作岗位进行重新配置。本文使用超过15年的个人数据分析了非洲四个最大或增长最快的经济体——埃及、埃塞俄比亚、尼日利亚和南非——的劳动力市场灵活性。本文采用标准劳动力市场流动性矩阵和Shorrocks流动性指数。此外，它估计了参与率的动态随机效应，并检查了失业和就业、自我雇佣和工资雇佣以及农业和非农业部门之间的过渡。而撒哈拉以南的两个国家——埃塞俄比亚和尼日利亚——拥有相对灵活的劳动力市场，这主要是因为进入埃及的门槛较低的非正规和农业部门的普遍存在。埃及和南非在劳动力市场上的流动性相对较强。在埃及、尼日利亚和南非，人们观察到的进入劳动力市场的僵化状态，大约有一半可以用工人的年龄、性别和受教育程度等特征来解释，而另一半主要是由于制度障碍和缺乏高质量的工作。虽然很难对非正规部门进行规范评估，但它从运作不当的正规部门吸收多余劳动力的能力十分突出。因此，非正规部门应该被淘汰，而不是被忽视。凝胶的分类:J01;J21; J42;J46;J61
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