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英文文献：The Productivity of U.S. States Since 1880-美国各州自1880年以来的生产力
英文文献作者：Kris James Mitchener,Ian W. McLean
英文文献摘要：
This study identifies the determinants of interstate variation in labor productivity levels at twenty-year intervals between 1880 and 1980. Focusing on fundamental rather than proximate influences, we find that institutional characteristics, physical geography, and resource abundance can account for a high proportion of the differences in state productivity levels. States with navigable waterways, a large minerals endowment, and no slaves in 1860, on average, had higher labor productivity levels throughout the sample period. No consistent support was found for two other influences given prominence in cross-country analyses of differences in incomes or productivity levels: climate and the quality of government.
本研究确定了1880年至1980年之间每20年的州际劳动生产率水平差异的决定因素。关注基础而非近因影响，我们发现制度特征、自然地理和资源丰富性可以解释国家生产力水平差异的很大一部分。平均而言，拥有可通航水道、矿产资源丰富且在1860年没有奴隶的州，在整个样本时期的劳动生产率水平都较高。在对收入或生产力水平差异的跨国分析中，气候和政府质量这两种影响受到重视，但没有发现对这两种影响的一致支持。
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