[下载]Lecture Notes：Microeconomic Theory(田国强2007)

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Lecture Notes：Microeconomic Theory

Guoqiang TIAN
Department of Economics
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas 77843
(gtian@tamu.edu)
Revised: March, 2007

共487面，因目录太多，只列出一小部分

Contents
1 Preliminaries on Modern Economics and Mathematics 1
1.1 Nature of Modern Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Modern Economics and Economic Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Key Assumptions and Desired Properties Commonly Used Economics 3
1.1.3 The Basic Analytical Framework of Modern Economics . . . . . . . 4
1.1.4 Methodology for Studying Modern Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.5 Roles, Generality, and Limitation of Economic Theory . . . . . . . 8
1.1.6 Roles of Mathematics in Modern Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.7 Conversion between Economic and Mathematical Languages . . . . 10
1.1.8 Distinguish Necessary and Su±cient Conditions for Statements . . . 11
1.2 Language and Methods of Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.1 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.2 Separating Hyperplane Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2.3 Concave and Convex Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.4 Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.5 The Envelope Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.6 Point-to-Set Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2.7 Continuity of a Maximum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2.8 Fixed Point Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
I Individual Decision Making 28
2 Consumer Theory 30
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

2.2 Consumption Set and Budget Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.1 Consumption Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.2 Budget Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3 Preferences and Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3.1 Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3.2 The Utility Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4 Utility Maximization and Optimal Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4.1 Consumer Behavior: Utility Maximization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4.2 Consumer's Optimal Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4.3 Consumer's First Order-Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.4.4 Su±ciency of Consumer's First-Order Conditions . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.5 Indirect Utility, and Expenditure, and Money Metric Utility Functions . . 50
2.5.1 The Indirect Utility Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.5.2 The Expenditure Function and Hicksian Demand . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.5.3 The Money Metric Utility Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.5.4 Some Important Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.6 Duality Between Direct and Indirect Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.7 Properties of Consumer Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.7.1 Income Changes and Consumption Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.7.2 Price Changes and Consumption Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.7.3 Income-Substitution E®ect: The Slutsky Equation . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.7.4 Continuity and Di®erentiability of Demand Functions . . . . . . . . 68
2.7.5 Inverse Demand Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.8 The Integrability Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.9 Revealed Preference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.9.1 Axioms of Revealed Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.9.2 Characterization of Revealed Preference Maximization . . . . . . . 76
2.10 Recoverability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.11 Topics in Demand Behaivor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.11.1 Endowments in the Budget Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.11.2 Income-Leisure Choice Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

2.11.3 Homothetic Utility Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.11.4 Aggregating Across Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.11.5 Aggregating Across Consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3 Production Theory 93
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.2 Production Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.2.1 Measurement of Inputs and Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.2.2 Speci¯cation of Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.2.3 Common Properties of Production Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.2.4 Returns to Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.2.5 The Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.2.6 The Elasticity of Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.3 Pro¯t Maximization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.3.1 Producer Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.3.2 Producer's Optimal Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.3.3 Producer's First-Order Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.3.4 Su±ciency of Producer's First-Order Condition . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.3.5 Properties of Net Supply Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.3.6 Weak Axiom of Pro¯t Maximization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.3.7 Recoverability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3.4 Pro¯t Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.4.1 Properties of the Pro¯t Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.4.2 Deriving Net Supply Functions from Pro¯t Function . . . . . . . . 115
3.5 Cost Minimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.5.1 First-Order Conditions of Cost Minimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.5.2 Su±ciency of First-Order Conditions for Cost Minimization . . . . 118
3.6 Cost Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.6.1 Properties of Cost Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.6.2 Properties of Conditional Input Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.6.3 Average and Marginal Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.6.4 The Geometry of Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

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