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Fiscal Decentralization and the Challenge of Hard Budget Constraints
by Jonathan A. Rodden (Editor), Gunnar S. Eskeland (Editor)
"This volume brings together sound and highly original scholarship. The problem of soft budget constraints is undoubtedly the most important issue facing new and reforming federations around the world, and the editors have assembled an outstanding array of scholars to address it. This book is essential reading for policy analysts working on decentralization, as well as economists, political scientists, and the educated public."
--Timothy Goodspeed, Professor of Economics, Hunter College, City University of New York
"This is a very timely and interesting volume that tackles an important set of questions. The editors have brought together a set of papers by top-tier economists, and they have done an excellent job of positioning this volume with respect to the broader literature."
--James M. Poterba, Mitsui Professor of Economics, MIT
Book Description
In many parts of the world, lower levels of government are taking over responsibilities from national authorities. This often leads to difficulty in maintaining fiscal discipline. So-called soft budget constraints allow these subnational governments to expand expenditures without facing the full cost. Until now, however, there has been little understanding of how decentralization leads to large fiscal deficits and macroeconomic instability.
This book, based on a research project at the World Bank, develops an analytical framework for considering the issues related to soft budget constraints, including the institutions, history, and policies that drive expectations for bailouts among subnational governments. It examines fiscal, financial, political, and land market mechanisms for subnational discipline in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, Hungary, India, Norway, South Africa, Ukraine, and the United States.
The book concludes that the dichotomy between market and hierarchical mechanisms is false. Most countries--and virtually all developing countries--must rely on market mechanisms as well as hierarchical constraints to maintain fiscal discipline. When bailouts cannot be avoided, they present important opportunities to reform underlying institutions. Successful market discipline--where voluntary lenders perform important monitoring functions--is most likely to emerge from a gradual process that begins with carefully crafted rules and oversight.
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Preface vii
Contributors ix
I Introduction 1
1 Introduction and Overview 3
Jonathan Rodden, Gunnar S. Eskeland, and Jennie Litvack
II Decentralized OECD Countries 33
2 Transfers and Bailouts: Enforcing Local Fiscal Discipline
with Lessons from U.S. Federalism 35
Robert P. Inman
3 Constraining Subnational Fiscal Behavior in Canada:
Different Approaches, Similar Results? 85
Richard M. Bird and Almos Tassonyi
4 Vertical Imbalance and Fiscal Behavior in a Welfare State:
Norway 133
Jørn Rattsø
5 Soft Budget Constraints and German Federalism 161
Jonathan Rodden
III Developing Countries with Histories of Federalism
and Fiscal Decentralization 187
6 Argentina: Hardening the Provincial Budget Constraint 189
Stephen B. Webb
7 Federalism and Bailouts in Brazil 213
Jonathan Rodden
8 The Challenge of Fiscal Discipline in the Indian States 249
William J. McCarten
IV Newly Decentralizing Countries in Transition 287
9 Soft Budget Constraints and Local Government in China 289
Jing Jin and Heng-fu Zou
10 Creating Incentives for Fiscal Discipline in the New
South Africa 325
Junaid Ahmad
11 Systemic Soft Budget Constraints in Ukraine 353
Sean O’Connell and Deborah Wetzel
12 Strengthening Hard Budget Constraints in Hungary 393
Deborah Wetzel and Anita Papp
V Conclusion 429
13 Lessons and Conclusions 431
Jonathan Rodden and Gunnar S. Eskeland
Index 467
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