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英文文献：“Que se vayan todos”: Null and Blank Votes in Argentine Provinces (1983-2007)-“Que se vayan todos”:阿根廷各省的空票和空白票(1983-2007)
英文文献作者：Guillermina Marto,Leandro Nallar
英文文献摘要：
After the restoration of democracy in Argentina, invalid votes equivalent to the sum of null and blank votes, far from representing insignificant issues, were able to powerfully twist the result of the winner in several governor elections. We estimate a Panel Corrected Standard Errors for 22 Argentine provinces between 1983-2007 for null and blank votes. My main motivation is to find the di?erent incidences of three sets of variables: economic, social and political for each kind of invalid votes. The unemployment rate, crime rate, and reelection are the key variables in the model, but measures for education, electoral competition, and economic framework are included. Most of the variables present opposite e?ects on null and blank votes. While the relation of unemployment and crime rate with null votes follows a withdrawal e?ect, blank votes are related to these variables consistent with a mobilization e?ect. However, when the crime rate has interacted with reelection the patterns of crime seem to be reversed, but unemployment maintains the sign.
在阿根廷恢复民主之后，相当于零票和空白票总和的无效选票，远远不是无关紧要的问题，能够有力地扭转几次州长选举的获胜者的结果。我们估计，一个专门小组对1983-2007年间阿根廷22个省的空票和空白票进行了标准误差修正。我的主要动机是寻找di?不同的三组变量:经济、社会和政治的各种无效的选票。失业率、犯罪率和连任是模型中的关键变量，但教育、选举竞争和经济框架的措施也包括在内。大多数的变量呈现相反的e?敬重null和空白选票。虽然失业率和犯罪率的关系以零票之前撤军e?等,空白选票有关这些变量与动员e?等一致。然而，当犯罪率与连任选举相互作用时，犯罪模式似乎发生了逆转，但失业率保持着这种迹象。
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