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英文文献：How tied aid affects the cost of aid-funded projects in Ghana-捆绑援助如何影响加纳援助资助项目的成本
英文文献作者：Barfour Osei
英文文献摘要：
This case study of the Sixth Power Project in Ghana is an empirical analysis first, to investigate whether tied foreign aid funded inputs bear additional costs on account of price mark-up and, second, to assess the impact of the cost of tying on the concessionality of the assistance. The excess cost of tying is estimated following the “cost–difference” method and the impact of tying on the concessionality of aid is assessed through the “shadow grant” element. The basic conclusion reached from the analysis is that there issignificant mark-up on the prices of funded inputs relative to the prices from alternative sources of supply. The price mark-up reduces significantly the concession embodied in the aid flows. On the part of donors, it is argued that there is need for action to liberalize the market for the supply of aid exports. Finally, while the mark-up on prices of tied aid inputs may be a price Ghana had to pay to receive the assistance, the cost to Ghana of tying provides a case for the cancellation of aid debt of the country.
本案例研究是对加纳第六个电力项目的实证分析，首先，调查捆绑外国援助资金投入是否承担了附加成本的价格加价，其次，评估捆绑成本对援助优惠性的影响。捆绑的超额成本是根据“成本差额”方法估算的，捆绑对援助优惠性的影响是通过“影子拨款”部分评估的。从分析中得出的基本结论是，投入资金的价格相对于其他供应来源的价格有显著的上涨。加价大大降低了援助流动中体现的让步。在捐助者方面，有人认为需要采取行动，使援助出口的供应市场自由化。最后，虽然捆绑援助投入的价格加价可能是加纳接受援助必须支付的价格，但捆绑援助给加纳带来的成本提供了取消该国援助债务的理由。
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