Land Grabbing in Sub-Sahara Africa- Lessons from Ghana-撒哈拉以南非洲的土地掠夺——来自加纳的教训

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英文文献：Land Grabbing in Sub-Sahara Africa- Lessons from Ghana-撒哈拉以南非洲的土地掠夺——来自加纳的教训
英文文献作者：Gad Asowoe Akwensivie
英文文献摘要：
This paper focuses on large scale land acquisitions in Ghana (defined for purposes of this work as single acquisitions in excess of 5000 acres purchased or leased) with analysis of quantitative data from state and non-state institutions: Ghana Office of the Administrator of Stool Lands, Ghana Lands Commission, Ghana Free Zones Board and Ghana Investment Promotion Centre as well as qualitative information from interviews with key stakeholders in Ghana’s land business notably Estate Agents and the Land Allocation Committees of Stools, Skins, Clans and Families. This study is an attempt to further close the information gap, facilitate debate and provide guidance to key stakeholders and governments on why they should and how they can together stop and reverse negative effects of the acquisitions.In this work, samples of recent large scale land acquisitions contracted between 2002 and 2012 have been analyzed to (1) demonstrate the trends and features of acquisitions, (2) establish the faces, as well as motives for the acquisitions (3), identify salient terms and conditions of contracts and (4) discuss threats and opportunities of the acquisitions and finally (5) discuss recommendations for making a virtue of necessity towards win-win outcomes.Results show a trend of proliferating land acquisition in terms of numbers and sizes in all sampled region of in the country. The rising global requirement for food and non-food agricultural products, attractive rates of return for agricultural investments, incentives by Government, the unique natural characteristics and perceived abundance of suitable land and other factors of production were identified as the main pull-push factors. The study also observed domination of acquisitions by foreign private organizations in partnership with local entities, concentration of acquisitions in areas of more fertile land and an increasing trend of stalled projects arising from contestations by inhabitants and interest groups even in cases where contracts have been sealed between landlord and investor.

本文主要关注加纳的大规模土地收购(此处定义为购买或租赁超过5000英亩的单一收购)，并分析了来自国家和非国家机构的定量数据:加纳土地管理办公室、加纳土地委员会、加纳自由区委员会和加纳投资促进中心，以及对加纳土地业务主要利益相关者的访谈，特别是房地产经纪人和凳子、皮、部落和家庭的土地分配委员会的定性信息。本研究旨在进一步缩小信息差距，促进讨论，并为关键利益相关者和政府提供指导，说明他们为什么应该以及如何共同阻止和扭转收购的负面影响。在这工作,最近的大规模土地收购合同样本分析了2002年和2012年之间(1)演示收购的趋势和特征,(2)建立的脸,以及并购的动机(3),识别重要的条款和条件的合同和(4)讨论收购的威胁和机遇,最后(5)讨论的建议做出的必要走向共赢。结果表明，我国各采样地区的土地征用在数量和规模上都呈现出激增的趋势。全球对粮食和非粮食农产品日益增长的需求、农业投资具有吸引力的回报率、政府的奖励措施、独特的自然特征和可感知的充裕的适宜土地和其他生产要素被认为是主要的拉动因素。研究还观察到统治的收购外国私人组织与当地实体、并购领域集中更多的肥沃的土地和越来越趋势的停滞项目因主张由居民和利益团体甚至在这种情况下,合同已经业主和投资者之间的密封。

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