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英文文献：Changing Land Access Dynamics And Food Security Implications In Ghana’S Oil Enclave-不断变化的土地获取动态和对加纳石油飞地粮食安全的影响
英文文献作者：John Tiah Bugri,Eric Yeboah
英文文献摘要：
Ghana is dominantly an agrarian economy, remains a net importer of food, yet classified as a ‘food deficit country’. An estimated 1.2 million people, (4.8% of the total population) are said to be food insecure and 1.9 million people are at risk of being food insecure. This means, more than 3million people (or 12 percent of the population) do not have access to an adequate and secure source of food supply. For a country which has agriculture as the mainstay of the economy, this is a worrying development.Agricultural production is determined by a range of factors but access to productive and secure land is critical. However, Ghana’s oil find and other drivers such as (illegal small scale mining, acquisition of large land for real estate development and export oriented agriculture, etc) are jointly contributing to rapidly redefine land tenure dynamics in the south–western part of the country. But to what extent is this affecting land access and food production? By engaging multi-stakeholders through household survey, focus group discussions and interviews within the mixed method research paradigm, the study found land access to be increasingly negotiated through local land market as opposed to inheritance and other non-market pathways. Those who cannot afford are eventually subjected to market driven displacements. This situation is increasing the rate of farmland fragmentation and distance to farms, resulting in increased land pressures. Available arable lands are now being more intensively used, resulting in reducing soil fertility and in turn, agricultural production and productivity.It was also found that oil drilling and exploration are affecting fishing in the area. Previously, local artisanal fishermen could fish within 90 nautical miles but are presently restricted to 10 nautical miles. Furthermore, the oil activities have resulted in the proliferation of seaweeds which adversely affect fishing. There is now steady reduction of catch per fishing trip in areas within the oil enclave. In effect, food crops production and fish catch are declining. This could exacerbate the existing food insecurity considerations and adversely affect livelihoods. This calls for policy interventions among which include developing high yielding varieties of staple crops, facilitating block farming and developing alternative livelihood strategies which move rural land users up along the agricultural value chain.
加纳是主要的农业经济体，仍然是一个粮食净进口国，但被列为“粮食短缺国家”。估计有120万人(占总人口的4.8%)粮食不安全，190万人面临粮食不安全的危险。这意味着，超过300万人(占人口的12%)无法获得充足和安全的粮食供应来源。对于一个以农业为经济支柱的国家来说，这是一个令人担忧的发展。农业生产由一系列因素决定，但获得高产和安全的土地至关重要。然而，加纳的石油发现和其他推动因素，例如(非法小规模采矿、为房地产开发和面向出口的农业而购置大片土地等)共同促成该国西南地区迅速重新界定土地所有制。但这在多大程度上影响了土地获取和粮食生产?在混合方法研究范式中，通过家庭调查、焦点小组讨论和访谈，多利益相关者参与进来，研究发现，土地准入越来越多地通过当地土地市场谈判，而不是通过继承和其他非市场途径。那些负担不起的人最终会遭受市场驱动的流离失所。这种情况增加了耕地破碎率和距离农场，导致土地压力增加。现有的可耕地现在得到了更密集的利用，从而减少了土壤肥力，从而减少了农业生产和生产力。同时还发现，石油钻探和勘探正在影响该地区的渔业。以前，当地的手工渔民可以在90海里内捕鱼，但目前被限制在10海里以内。此外，石油活动导致了海藻的大量繁殖，对渔业产生了不利影响。在石油飞地范围内，每次捕鱼的渔获量现在稳步减少。实际上，粮食作物产量和捕鱼量正在下降。这可能加剧现有的粮食不安全问题，并对生计造成不利影响。这需要政策干预，其中包括开发主要作物的高产品种，促进块状种植，以及制定替代生计战略，使农村土地使用者沿着农业价值链向上移动。
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