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英文文献：Property Valuation In Emerging Economies: The Hands On Experience-新兴经济体的房地产估值:经验之手
英文文献作者：Wilfred Anim-Odame
英文文献摘要：
Businesses, individuals, financial institutions and governments globally require property valuations for several purposes. Property value as a proxy for price is usually determined on the basis of market value. Typical purposes for which property valuation may be required include sale, purchase, mortgage, insurance, rating and stamp duty whilst rental value is determined for a tenancy arrangement or the associated tax payment.This research is indeed, motivated by the view that property plays an important role in the development agenda of all nations. For instance, the expansion of property stock and rise in its market value form part of the accumulation of wealth with successful economic development. As a potential source of tax revenue for central and local governments, especial in emerging economies where cash-based informal sectors hamper the collection of other forms of taxation, property markets will continue to play an important role in national development. And as exemplified by the Asian crisis in the late 1990s, incorrectly valued and unstable property markets are major risk components for the banking and financial systems (Renaud and Mera, 2000).The credibility, reliability and accuracy of property value determination in emerging economies are therefore critical. This paper examines the practice of property valuation in Ghana to establish that five underlying requirements – Property Valuation Guidelines and Standards, electronic database, automated property valuation, research and development, and property market intermediaries – are a necessity for the development of the valuation profession. The research concludes that these requirements are the corner pillars to promote property market development in Ghana, which may also be applicable to other African countries with similar property market characteristics.
全球范围内的企业、个人、金融机构和政府都需要对房地产进行估值，其目的多种多样。物业价值作为价格的代理，通常是根据市场价值来决定的。需要评估物业价值的典型用途包括出售、购买、按揭、保险、差饷及印花税，而租金价值则是为租赁安排或有关税款而厘定的。这项研究的动机的确是这样一种观点，即财产在所有国家的发展议程中发挥重要作用。例如，房地产股票的扩张和市场价值的上升，是经济发展成功后财富积累的一部分。作为中央和地方政府的潜在税收来源，特别是在新兴经济体，以现金为基础的非正式部门阻碍了其他形式的税收征收，房地产市场将继续在国家发展中发挥重要作用。正如20世纪90年代末的亚洲金融危机所证明的那样，估值错误和不稳定的房地产市场是银行和金融系统的主要风险组成部分(Renaud And Mera, 2000)。因此，新兴经济体房地产价值判断的可信度、可靠性和准确性至关重要。本文研究了加纳的房地产估价实践，以确定五项基本要求——房地产估价指南和标准、电子数据库、自动房地产估价、研究和开发以及房地产市场中介机构——是估价行业发展的必要条件。研究认为，这些要求是促进加纳房地产市场发展的转角支柱，同样适用于其他具有类似房地产市场特征的非洲国家。
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