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swufeliuyi2010 在职认证  发表于 2014-10-21 11:40:06 |AI写论文

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中文报道均转载自果壳网,版权属于果壳网(guokr.com
http://www.guokr.com/article/439343/
时隔一年,中国论文贩卖市场依然活跃
IvyP/译

    两名计算机生物学家在利用PubMed搜索引擎了解最新研究动态时,偶然发现中国的论文贩卖公司依然在运作,而在1年前,《科学》(Science)期刊就已经发表过一篇文章,深入分析了这一结构复杂又利润丰厚的产业。
    巴塞罗那基因组调控中心的吉拉姆·菲利翁(Guillaume Filion)和法布拉大学的卢卡斯·凯瑞(Lucas Carey)从PubMed下载了2012年1月到今年4月期间的论文出版记录。通过利用一种称为自然语言处理(natural language processing,NLP)的技术,二人将这200万篇论文的摘要部分进行比对分析,找出了2014年出现频率最高的词汇。
菲利翁表示,他们本来是希望通过这种方法找到会成为热点的新研究方向。不出所料,他们发现与前沿话题有关的研究论文的数量有所增加,例如CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,规律成簇的间隔短回文重复),一种被《科学》(Science)期刊提名为2013年最重要科学突破第二名的基因编辑技术;以及目前基因组学研究中的热门——长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)。
    但除了这些意料之中的研究趋势,还有一个很突出的词汇——由位于伦敦的补充医学研究委员会(Research Council for Complementary Medicine)运作的一个鲜为人知的数据库CISCOM。菲利翁和凯瑞指出,2014年之前,“CISCOM”这个字眼每年仅会出现在2-3篇论文中,而从2014年2月起,这个数据库突然间开始每个星期就出现一次。
    二人通过进一步分析发现,一组32篇有关不同主题的论文却都有着相同的特征——都是利用数据库里已发表得文章写出的综述文章,这些数据库不但包括CISCOM,还包括一些较常用的数据库,如谷歌学术搜索、PubMed和Web of Science等。此外,这些文章全部来自分布于中国若干城市的28个不同的研究小组。
    菲利翁在10月4日发表的一篇博文中描述了这些论文如何惊人的相似,后来他决定与凯瑞一起探查背后的隐情。他们通过各种方式下载了这25篇论文的全文。而将这些论文用剽窃检测程序iThenticate进行分析后,他们并没有发现抄袭的情况。(说明论文代理还是比较敬业的嘛)
    不过,所有这些文章的讨论部分都有类似的文字陈述,只有句式上有略微变化。(模板用多了?)比如一篇文章写道:“重要的是,有关研究对象和对照组的选择标准在这些所有的研究中都没有明确描述,因此可能会对我们的结果造成影响(Importantly, the inclusion criteria of cases and controls were not well defined in all included studies and thus might have influenced our results)”;而另一篇则写道:“重要的是,有关研究对象和对照组的选择标准在这些所有的研究中都没有明确描述,而这可能也会对我们的结果造成影响(Importantly, the inclusion criteria of cases and controls were not well defined in all included studies, which might also have influenced our results)”。
    另外,4篇文章中出现了相同的语法错误——在“我们的结果过去没有足够的数据支持(our results had lacked sufficient statistical power)”中无缘无故出现“过去(had)”一词。在试图找出这些文章之间的联系时二人注意到,文章作者们使用的文字描述似乎来自多个模板中,这意味着这些作者在有意调整这些文字的顺序,而这种方法正是用来逃避剽窃检测软件的,这种手法被称为“洗文”(text laundering)。
    这些论文中的大多数提交于2013年末,而同一时期发表的论文之间不可能相互抄袭。因此菲利翁和凯瑞推测,这些论文可能都出自同一个公司之手。在来自上海复旦大学的遗传学家余垚的协助下,二人找到了一家公司,其网站广告称可以代写荟萃分析论文。于是他们联系了该公司并询问服务细节,公司表示可在影响因子2或3的期刊上发表荟萃分析论文,价格为每篇1万美元。


    以“代发论文”为关键词在百度搜索,可以找到大量承接这种业务的公司,这些公司一般都有一整套完善的代发流程。图片来源:网站截图
2013年发表在《科学》期刊上的一篇文章就是有关一次长达5个月的卧底调查,调查中发现了许许多多类似这样的公司这些公司提供一系列的服务,旨在帮人发表能出现在重要索引中的论文,包括汤森路透(Thomson Reuters)的科学引用索引和社会科学引用索引,以及爱思唯尔(Elsevier)的工程索引,而这些指标在中国许多研究机构内都是提职称的重要参考。除了利用客户提供的数据创作论文以外,这些公司还可以伪造实验数据、在已被期刊接收的论文中加作者,并出售写好的原稿。
    在论文成品中最受欢迎的就是荟萃分析论文,可能是因为写这类论文不需要原始数据。2013年6月发表在《公共科学图书馆·综合》(PLOS ONE)期刊上的一篇研究论文发现,2003到2011年间,来自中国的荟萃分析论文的增长速度比美国快16倍。如果在PubMed中搜索其它研究趋势,可能会找出更多有关不正当科研行为的证据,但是菲利翁表示,他和凯瑞目前打算将注意力转向其他地方,因为“我们不是打假人,而是大数据分析专家。(编辑:球藻怪)

原文:
http://news.sciencemag.org/asiapacific/2014/10/copycat-papers-flag-continuing-headache-china


Copycat papers flag continuing headache in China                                By                                                Mara Hvistendahl                          
               14 October 2014 1:00 pm
              3 Comments                          
         SHANGHAI, CHINA—Two computational biologists searching for trends in journals indexed in the search engine PubMed stumbled across signs that China’s paper-selling companies remain active, 1 year after Science published a detailed undercover investigation describing a highly sophisticated and lucrative industry.
Guillaume Filion of the Centre for Genomic Regulation and Lucas Carey from Pompeu Fabra University, both in Barcelona, downloaded all PubMed records for papers published between January 2012 and this past April. Combing over the abstracts for those 2 million papers using a big data technique called natural language processing, they isolated terms that spiked in use in 2014.
They hoped to find “new topics about to detonate,” Filion says. Not surprisingly, they found an uptick in papers mentioning cutting-edge topics like CRISPR, a gene-editing technique that was named a runner-up for Science’s 2013 Breakthrough of the Year, and lncRNA, or long non-coding RNA, an unusually long form of RNA that is now a hot topic in genomics.
But alongside those more predictable trends, one term stuck out: a little-known database run by the Research Council for Complementary Medicine in London called CISCOM, or the Centralised Information Service for Complementary Medicine. Until 2013, the scholars note, the term “CISCOM” appeared in only two to three papers per year. In February, the database began cropping up once a week.
Looking more closely, Filion and Carey found a group of 32 papers on varying topics that nonetheless shared some curious characteristics. All were meta-analysis or review papers that analyzed already-published data in CISCOM, along with more commonly used databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. Moreover, all originated in China, from 28 different research groups spread out across several cities.
Filion, who described what he calls the “disturbingly similar” papers in a blog post published on 4 October, set out with Carey to determine what was going on. They downloaded complete versions of the 25 papers to which they had access through various institutional subscriptions or other means. (All but two papers are behind a pay wall.) Running the papers through the plagiarism detection program iThenticate turned up no red flags.
But the discussion sections of all the papers contain similar statements, with only minor changes. For example, one paper reads, “Importantly, the inclusion criteria of cases and controls were not well defined in all included studies and thus might have influenced our results.” Another states, “Importantly, the inclusion criteria of cases and controls were not well defined in all included studies, which might also have influenced our results.”
Four of the papers include the same grammatical error—the extraneous “had” in “our results had lacked sufficient statistical power.” But in mapping out the relationships among the papers, the duo noticed that the writers seemed to be drawing from multiple templates. That suggests, Filion says, “that the writers actively shuffle the texts”—a method of evading plagiarism detection software known as text laundering.
Most of the papers were submitted in late 2013, making it impossible that some authors plagiarized others after publication. Filion and Carey thus hypothesized that the papers might all be the work of a single company. With help from Yao Yu, a geneticist at Fudan University in Shanghai, the scholars identified an outfit whose website advertises tailored meta-analysis papers and contacted the company to inquire about its services. The company reportedly offers meta-analysis papers for journals with an impact factor of 2 or 3 for about $10,000.
A 5-month investigation published in Science last year found dozens of similar companies offering an array of services aimed at securing publication in journals indexed in Thomson Reuters’ Science Citation Index, Thomson Reuters’ Social Sciences Citation Index, or Elsevier’s Engineering Index—which at many Chinese institutions are critical to securing promotions. In addition to preparing original papers from scratch with data provided by their clients, China’s paper-selling companies fabricate data, arrange to add scientists’ names to already accepted papers, and sell finished manuscripts.
Among the most popular options for finished manuscripts are meta-analyses, perhaps because they require no original data. One legitimate analysis published in PLOS ONE in June 2013 found that from 2003 to 2011, meta-analysis papers from China rose more than 16 times faster than did such papers from the United States. Combing PubMed for other trends might turn up more evidence of malfeasance. But Filion says he and Carey now plan to turn their attention to other topics: “We are not witch-hunters, we are big data analysts.”





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沙发
hyu9910 在职认证  发表于 2014-10-21 11:48:29
COPYCAT的意思是指:“盲目模仿,山寨”,你怎么能够翻译成“论文贩卖”呢?!

卖论文的人,就像卖肾救母的人,心甘情愿的把自己的创新专利卖掉换钱,你有什么权利去阻止?!

研究的真正意义是什么? 是创新和原创啊! 所以英文的原文是“COPYCAT”,不是BLACKMARKET。

藤椅
swufeliuyi2010 在职认证  发表于 2014-10-21 11:48:59
2013年Nature的卧底报告,中文翻译来自果壳,版权属于果壳网http://www.guokr.com/

《科学》暗访中国论文市场:还有什么不能卖?                                                               

《科学》记者对中国的论文市场进行了为期5个月的调查,挖出一个扭曲的“学术黑市”。


                                                                                                               


    “用钱买论文所得到的利益,比搞学术欺诈被拆穿后要付的代价大得多。”一位期刊编辑这样说道。图片来源:Science

    SCI是什么?它本来是指科学引文索引(Science Citation Index),是国际上公认的最具权威的科技论文检索工具。 而现在,在科研人员的前途与其论文数量直接挂钩的中国,SCI成了“中国人的愚蠢想法”(Stupid Chinese Idea)的代称。今年夏天,一封“出售SCI文章第一作者身份”的邮件寄到了《科学》工作人员的邮箱里。随后,《科学》展开了针对中国论文买卖现象的调查,将一个令人心寒而又日渐繁华的“学术黑市”揭示在人们面前。
    “人们为了在国际期刊上发表文章,已经不惜一切代价。”北京大学第三医院的樊东升说。《科学》杂志的记者伪装成科学家,从兜售作者身份的万方汇智公司得到“代价”:第一作者售价9万元,同时买第一作者和通讯作者身份则要16万元。《科学》随后调查了27家买卖SCI论文的机构,发现购买文章作者身份的费用从1600美元(约人民币9750元)到26300美元(约人民币16万元)不等——成为SCI文章作者的最高价格,已经高于一些中国助理教授(assistant professor,美加教育体系中的职称)的年收入。
    学术黑市的“商品”并不只有作者身份,还包括捉刀代写、将已发表的中文论文翻译再转投英文期刊、乃至直接买别人的论文草稿。8家被暗访的中介声称能够直接买通《中华医学杂志》的编辑,帮助委托人发表文章,费用则从约9750元到28000元不等。该期刊的负责人则否认了论文交易的说法。
    学术黑市日渐兴旺的原因或许在于大多数论文买卖都没有明确的受害者:急于求成的科学家、游走的中介和腐败的期刊编辑都从中获利。一些杰出的科研工作者担忧地指出:真正在遭受伤害的,是中国日后的科学发展。中国科学院物理所的曹则贤说:“一些科研人员在杂志上发越来越好的文章,但他们甚至都不知道自己发的文章说了什么——他们只是花一大笔钱找人代写而已。”
    在中国,SCI论文是衡量科研人员前途的标尺。在五年时间内,研究者所发表在SCI收录期刊上的论文数目(往往只算作为第一作者或通讯作者的情况),是关系到研究者晋升大事的决定性因素。一些大学中,博士生需要发表一篇或多篇SCI论文才能够毕业。这种考察标准使得中国的科研人员变得“重量不重质”,也孕育了这可怖又可悲的论文市场。
    所幸,科学界已经意识到了这个问题并有所行动。中国国家自然科学基金委员会、中国科学技术信息研究所、教育部正和汤森路透合作,希望引入其他方法对科研论文作者进行评估。另一方面,许多科学家对放弃使用影响因子来评估研究者水平表示支持,也呼吁对学术欺诈被揭发的科研人员采取更严格的惩罚措施。

板凳
swufeliuyi2010 在职认证  发表于 2014-10-21 11:50:50
hyu9910 发表于 2014-10-21 11:48
COPYCAT的意思是指:“盲目模仿,山寨”,你怎么能够翻译成“论文贩卖”呢?!

卖论文的人,就像卖肾救 ...
IvyP/译
,意译?

报纸
hyu9910 在职认证  发表于 2014-10-21 11:52:13
swufeliuyi2010 发表于 2014-10-21 11:50
,意译?
不懂研究的人,翻译出来,就这种歪曲的效果

地板
swufeliuyi2010 在职认证  发表于 2014-10-21 11:54:25
hyu9910 发表于 2014-10-21 11:52
不懂研究的人,翻译出来,就这种歪曲的效果
请注意第一段中的China’s paper-selling companies,翻译者应该是通篇考虑后定的标题

7
hyu9910 在职认证  发表于 2014-10-21 11:55:44
swufeliuyi2010 发表于 2014-10-21 11:54
请注意第一段中的China’s paper-selling companies,翻译者应该是通篇考虑后定的标题
我已经说过了,我认为翻译的家伙不懂研究

8
hyu9910 在职认证  发表于 2014-10-21 11:55:55
swufeliuyi2010 发表于 2014-10-21 11:54
请注意第一段中的China’s paper-selling companies,翻译者应该是通篇考虑后定的标题
我已经说过了,我认为翻译的家伙不懂研究

9
swufeliuyi2010 在职认证  发表于 2014-10-21 11:59:17
中文翻译来自果壳,版权属于果壳网(guokr.com

中国国家自然科学基金委主任杨卫撰写的社论:中国的科研诚信

    过去十年里,中国的科研实力发展极其迅速,正在重塑全球科学进展的格局。然而,这一快速发展却不一定伴随着科研领域规范的同步提升。最值得担忧的是科研诚信的缺失,它可能会阻碍中国原创科学领域的进展,损害中国学术界的声誉,也会削弱中国科学的影响力。    导致当前中国科研环境不健康的因素有很多。很多研究型大学和科研机构里,竞争性科研基金占据了大部分经费来源,为诚信违规带来了经济上的诱惑。导致学术不端的另一个事实是重数量而非质量的方法衡量学术水平,这诱使年轻科学家用不遵科研伦理的行为攀爬学术阶梯。还有一个诱因是基于绩效的补贴收入。此外,学术界等级制度也促使研究者夸大他们的发现。
    好消息是,过去十年里发生了几件关键事件,它们标志着中国正向学术诚信的方向努力前行。首先是在本世纪初时澄清了双语投稿的翻译权问题、并明确禁绝了一稿多投。著作法也做了相应调整,允许更长的独占期,以便为学术论文提供足够长的评审时间。大部分学术不端的审查来自于通风报信,其中大多数又是匿名的,我个人在浙江大学处理的学术不端事件中80%以上来自此渠道。另外,媒体揭发学术不端的行动,无论是贺海波事件中的剽窃行为,还是“汉芯”处理器的造假,都在公众里树立了对学术不端不容忍的姿态,促使ZF部门承认问题的严重性。
    如今中国科协和教育部已经开展了一项大规模运动,训练研究生、博士后以及年轻教员的科研诚信。中国科学院、中国科协和国家自然科学基金委起草了新的道德守则以规范生命科学领域的研究者。中科院与许多重点高校重新审核了评职标准,更加重视研究质量、而非仅仅关注论文数目。而且1998年以来自然科学基金委一直在积极地剔除那些剽窃的项目申请,过去14年间这一行动降低了70%的基金申请中的学术不端。2013年8月,自然科学基金委在新闻发布会上曝光了六起基金项目申请中的学术不端行为,都是通过比较各项申请而发现的。其中包括一项网上“待售基金”,与本刊1035页上所述的公开待售论文事件类似。2012年,中国ZF开始监管和检查其他研究提案,以便帮助研究机构更道德地利用经费。
    来自全球学术界的帮助也是推动中国学术诚信的重要因素。譬如,美国国家科学促进会(AAAS)和中国科学技术协会之间展开过双边对话,聚焦于如何起草诚信规范以避免不端。全球研究理事会建立科研诚信标准的努力也在中国和其他国家蓬勃开展。
   要想实现对不道德行为的零容忍,还要面对很多挑战。中国依然在努力把论文评审、评职委员会和奖项提名者都整合到基金和职称系统之中。中国科学界的健康发展应当达成三个目标:产出原创性的突破、增进对其他地区科技进展的理解、获得全球性的影响。但要实现这一切,科学事业必须要健康、可信地发展。
英文原文
Wei Yang is president of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and a professor in the Institute of Applied Mechanics at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
E-mail: yangwei@nsfc.gov.cn.
CREDIT: D. XING
Related Resources
In Science Magazine
NEWS FOCUS
China's Publication Bazaar
Mara Hvistendahl
Science 29 November 2013: 1035-1039.
China's research capacity has grown dramatically in the past decade, an expansion that is reshaping the landscape of global scientific investigation. This rapid growth has not necessarily been accompanied by an equally measured promotion of the cultural norms of the scientific enterprise. Most troubling is a lack of research integrity, which may hinder China's growth in original science, damage the reputation of Chinese academics, and dampen the impact of science developed in China.
An unhealthy research environment in China is being driven by several factors. In many research-intensive universities and institutions, competitive research grants constitute oversized fractions of their budgets, providing an economic incentive for ethical violations. Misconduct is also inadvertently encouraged by the use of quantitative rather than qualitative measures of merit, which can lure young scientists to climb the academic ladder by stepping outside ethical boundaries. Performance-based subsidiary income is a policy that can entice scientists to act unethically. And there is a talent hierarchy in academia that encourages scientists to overblow their findings.
The good news is that several pivotal events over the past decade mark the long march toward research integrity in China. The first event at the beginning of the 21st century was to ban multiple submissions of a paper to journals, after clarifying a delicate issue of the translation rights for bilingual submissions. The copyright law was also revised to allow a longer embargo period to accommodate the review time required for technical papers. The allegations of whistleblowers, mostly anonymous, have led to a majority of crackdowns, as evidenced by my own handling of more than 80% of research misconduct cases at Zhejiang University. In addition, action by the media to expose research misconduct, ranging from plagiarism and retractions in the He Haibo event, to the fraudulent “Hanxin” computer chips, has stoked a hostile public intolerance for misconduct, prompting politicians to acknowledge that a serious problem exists.

There is now a massive education effort by the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) and Ministry of Education (MoE) to train graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and young faculty in research ethics. There is a new emphasis on a code of ethics, put forth by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAST, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), to guide researchers in the life sciences. Major universities as well as CAS have revised the criteria for promotion to emphasize the quality of research contributions rather than the number of publications by a researcher. And since 1998, there has been active censoring by the NSFC of scientists who submit plagiarized grant applications. This campaign has resulted in a decline of 70% in the fraction of alleged application misconduct over the past 14 years. At a press conference in August 2013, the NSFC revealed six cases of misconduct discovered by comparing submitted and funded proposals, including a “proposal for sale,” similar to manuscripts for sale described in the News story on p. 1035. Moreover, in 2012, the Chinese government began other surveillance and inspections of submitted research proposals to complement the efforts of research funding agencies in safeguarding the ethical use of research dollars.
Help from the global science community has been an important factor in promoting integrity in China. For example, a dialogue between the American Association for the Advancement of Science and CAST has focused on drafting guidelines and casebooks to prevent misconduct. The movement of cultivating standards for scientific integrity by the Global Research Council is also gaining momentum in China and other nations.
Many challenges lie ahead in achieving zero tolerance for unethical behavior. China is still grappling with the incorporation of panel reviewers, promotion committees, and prize nominators in the systems that award grants and titles. The development of good science in China should accomplish three goals: to produce original breakthroughs, to advance understanding from discoveries made elsewhere, and to gain global influence. None of this can happen until the scientific enterprise is healthy and credible.


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swufeliuyi2010 在职认证  发表于 2014-10-21 12:06:45
hyu9910 发表于 2014-10-21 11:48
COPYCAT的意思是指:“盲目模仿,山寨”,你怎么能够翻译成“论文贩卖”呢?!

卖论文的人,就像卖肾救 ...
翻译者是意译订的标题,本文主要讲的是中国论文买卖,相互抄袭是其中产生的问题之一;另外,买卖肾脏是法律明令禁止的,即使自愿也是违法,并不因为自愿就有正当性!所以您的比喻值得商榷。

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