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英文文献：Reversed Economics and Inhumanity of Development Assistance in Africa-扭转了非洲发展援助的经济性和非人道性
英文文献作者：Asongu Simplice
英文文献摘要：
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the aid-development nexus in 52 African countries using updated data (1996-2010) and a new indicator of human development(adjusted for inequality). Design/methodology/approach – The estimation technique used is a Two-Stage-Least Squares Instrumental Variable approach. Instruments include: income-levels, legal-origins and religious-dominations. The first-step consists of justifying the choice of the estimation technique with a Hausman-test for endogeneity. In the second-step, we verify that the instrumental variables are exogenous to the endogenous components of explaining variables(aid dynamic channels) conditional on other covariates(control variables). In the third-step, the strength and validity of the instruments are examined with the Cragg-Donald and Sargan overidentifying restrictions tests respectively. Robustness checks are ensured by: (1) the use of alternative aid indicators; (2) estimation under restricted and unrestricted hypotheses ; and (3) adoption of two interchangeable sets of instruments. Findings – The findings broadly indicate that development assistance is detrimental to GDP growth, GDP per capita growth and inequality adjusted human development. Given concerns on the achievement of the MDGs, the relevance of these results point to the deficiency of foreign aid as a sustainable cure to poverty in Africa. Social implications – It is a momentous epoque to solve the second tragedy of foreign aid; it is high time economists and policy makers start rethinking the models and theories on which foreign aid is based. In the meantime, it is up to people who care about the poor to hold aid agencies accountable for piecemeal results. Originality/value – These findings are based on data collected after pioneering works on the aid-development nexus. Usage of the inequality adjusted human development index first published in 2010, corrects past works of the bunch of criticisms inherent in the first index.
目的——本文的目的是利用更新的数据(1996-2010年)和新的人类发展指标(经不平等调整)评估52个非洲国家的援助与发展之间的关系。设计/方法/方法-使用的估计技术是一种两阶段最小二乘工具变量方法。工具包括:收入水平、法律来源和宗教支配。第一步包括用内生性hausman检验证明估计技术的选择是合理的。在第二步，我们验证工具变量是外生的内生成分解释变量(援助动态通道)条件其他协变量(控制变量)。在第三步中，分别用Cragg-Donald和Sargan过度识别限制试验检验了仪器的强度和有效性。(1)替代援助指标的使用;(2)受限假设和非受限假设下的估计;(3)采用两套可互换的工具。调查结果——调查结果广泛表明，发展援助对GDP增长、人均GDP增长和不平等调整了人类发展不利。考虑到人们对实现千年发展目标的关注，这些结果的相关性表明，作为可持续解决非洲贫困问题的外援不足。社会意义——解决对外援助的第二个悲剧是一个重大的时代;现在是经济学家和政策制定者重新思考对外援助所基于的模型和理论的时候了。与此同时，应该由关心穷人的人来督促援助机构为零碎的成果负责。独创性/价值——这些发现是基于对援助与发展关系的开拓性工作后收集的数据。2010年首次发布的不平等调整人类发展指数(inequality adjusted human development index)的使用，纠正了过去对第一个指数固有的一系列批评。
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