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英文文献：Technological Advancement and the Evolving Gender Identities: A Focus on the Level of Female Economic Participation in Sub-Saharan Africa-技术进步和不断变化的性别身份:关注撒哈拉以南非洲地区女性经济参与水平
英文文献作者：Uchenna Efobi,Belmondo Tanankem,Simplice Asongu
英文文献摘要：
This study investigates how technological advancement improves gender identity by means of female economic participation in a panel 48 African countries for the period 1990-2014. Two indicators are used to measure female economic participation, namely, the: female labour force participation and employment rates. Technological advancement is measured with three main indicators, notably: internet penetration, mobile phone penetration and fixed broad band subscriptions. The empirical evidence is based on Ordinary Least Squares, Fixed Effects and System Generalized Method of Moments regressions. The findings show that improvement in technology increases female economic participation with the following consistent order of increasing magnitude: mobile phone penetration; internet penetration and fixed broad band subscriptions. The findings are robust to the control for: countries’ levels in economic development; the use of contemporary technology advancement indicators; internal conflicts and political stability; the level of social globalization and the use of alternative instruments. Policy implications are discussed.
本研究在1990-2014年的48个非洲国家小组中调查了技术进步如何通过女性经济参与来改善性别认同。有两个指标用来衡量女性的经济参与，即:女性劳动力参与和就业率。衡量技术进步有三个主要指标，最显著的是:互联网普及率、移动电话普及率和固定宽带订阅量。经验证据是基于普通最小二乘法，固定效应和系统广义矩回归方法。研究结果显示，科技进步提高了女性的经济参与程度，其增长幅度如下:手机普及率;互联网普及率和固定宽带订阅。研究结果对以下因素的控制是稳健的:各国的经济发展水平;使用当代技术进步指标;内部冲突和政治稳定;社会全球化的程度和替代手段的使用。讨论了政策含义。
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