The Comparative African Economics of Inclusive Development and Military Exp...

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英文文献：The Comparative African Economics of Inclusive Development and Military Expenditure in Fighting Terrorism-包容性发展和打击恐怖主义军事开支的比较非洲经济学
英文文献作者：Simplice Asongu,Vanessa Tchamyou,Ndemaze Asongu,Nina Tchamyou
英文文献摘要：
This study investigates the role of inclusive human development and military expenditure in fighting terrorism in 53 African countries for the period 1998-2012. The empirical evidence is based on contemporary, non-contemporary and instrumental variable Fixed Effects regressions. Inclusive development is not a sufficient condition for the fight against terrorism whereas military expenditure can be effectively employed to mitigate the phenomenon. Significant negative effects are established only when endogeneity is accounted for by means of non-contemporary and instrumental-variables approaches. Hence, the policy effectiveness of employed tools is contingent on whether they are engaged proactively (i.e. non-contemporarily) or not. From the findings, the propensity of military expenditure to fight transnational terrorism is higher in: (i) middle income countries vis-à-vis their low income counterparts; (ii) oil-rich countries compared to oil-poor countries and (iii) Christian-dominated countries vis-à-vis their Islam-oriented counterparts. Furthermore military expenditure is also more effective at combating domestic and transnational terrorism in: (i) North African countries vis-à-vis their sub-Saharan Africa counterparts; (ii) landlocked countries compared to countries that are open to the sea and (iii) politically-stable countries vis-à-vis their politically-unstable counterparts. Contributions to the comparative economics are discussed. Practical and theoretical contributions are also provided.

本研究调查了1998-2012年期间53个非洲国家包容性人类发展和军事支出在打击恐怖主义中的作用。实证证据基于当代、非当代和工具变量固定效应回归。包容性发展不是打击恐怖主义的充分条件，军费开支可以有效缓解恐怖主义现象。只有当使用非当代和工具变量方法来解释内生性时，才会产生显著的负面影响。因此，所使用工具的政策有效性取决于它们是否积极(即非当代)使用。从研究结果来看，用于打击跨国恐怖主义的军事开支倾向在以下国家较高:(i)中等收入国家相对于低收入国家;(ii)富油国与贫油国的比较;(iii)基督教主导的国家与伊斯兰主导的国家的比较。此外，军事开支在打击国内和跨国恐怖主义方面也更为有效:(一)北非国家相对于撒哈拉以南非洲国家;(二)内陆国家与向海洋开放的国家的比较;(三)政治稳定的国家与政治不稳定的国家的比较。对比较经济学的贡献进行了讨论。实践和理论贡献也提供了。

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