好书介绍：HANDBOOK OF UNIVARIATE AND MULTIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION WI

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The aim of this book is to provide clear guidelines to both the execution of specific statistical tests and the interpretation of the findings by

 (1) explaining clearly the purpose of specific tests and the research designs for which they are relevant,

(2) demonstrating clearly the instructions for executing univariate and multivariate statistical tests, and

(3) explaining how obtained results should be interpreted.

1  Inferential Statistics and Test Selection...................................... 1  
1.1  Introduction...................................................................................................1  
1.2  Inferential Statistics ......................................................................................1  
 1.2.1  Hypothesis Testing.......................................................................2  
 1.2.2  Types of Hypotheses....................................................................2  
 1.2.3  Testing Hypotheses ......................................................................3  
 1.2.4  Level of Significance ....................................................................4  
 1.2.5  Type I and Type II Errors............................................................4  
1.3  Test Selection .................................................................................................5  
 1.3.1  The Nature of Hypotheses: Test of Difference vs. Test  
 of Relationship ..............................................................................6  
 1.3.1.1  Test of Differences .......................................................6  
 1.3.1.2  Test of Relationships ...................................................7  
 1.3.2  Levels of Measurement ...............................................................7  
 1.3.3  Choice of Test................................................................................8  
2  Introduction to SPSS ................................................................... 11  
2.1  Introduction................................................................................................. 11  
2.2  Setting up a Data File ................................................................................12  
 2.2.1  Preparing a Code Book .............................................................12  
 2.2.2  Data Set ........................................................................................13  
 2.2.3  Creating an SPSS Data File.......................................................13  
 2.2.4  Data Entry....................................................................................16  
 2.2.5  Saving and Editing a Data File ................................................16  
2.3  SPSS Analysis: Windows Method vs. Syntax Method.........................17  
 2.3.1  SPSS Analysis: Windows Method............................................18  
 2.3.2  SPSS Analysis: Syntax Method ................................................19  
 2.3.3  SPSS Output ................................................................................21  
  Frequencies ..................................................................................21  
  Frequency Table..........................................................................21  
 2.3.4  Results and Interpretation ........................................................23  
3  Multiple Response ....................................................................... 25  
3.1  Aim ...............................................................................................................25  
3.2  Methods of MULT RESPONSE Procedures ...........................................25  
3.3 Example of the Multiple-Dichotomy Method .......................................26  
3.3.1  Data Entry Format......................................................................26  
3.3.2  Windows Method.......................................................................27  

3.3.3  SPSS Syntax Method..................................................................29  
3.3.4  SPSS Output ................................................................................29  
3.3.5  Results and Interpretation ........................................................30  
3.4 Example of the Multiple-Response Method ..........................................30  
 3.4.1  Windows Method.......................................................................31  
 3.4.2  SPSS Syntax Method..................................................................33  
 3.4.3  SPSS Output ................................................................................33  
 3.4.4  Results and Interpretation ........................................................34  
3.5  Cross-Tabulations .......................................................................................34  
 3.5.1  Windows Method.......................................................................34  
 3.5.2  SPSS Syntax Method..................................................................38  
 3.5.3  SPSS Output ................................................................................39  
 3.5.4  Results and Interpretation ........................................................40  
4  T-Test for Independent Groups .................................................. 41  
4.1  Aim ...............................................................................................................41  
4.2  Checklist of Requirements ........................................................................41  
4.3  Assumptions................................................................................................42  
4.4  Example........................................................................................................42  
 4.4.1  Data Entry Format......................................................................42  
 4.4.2  Windows Method.......................................................................42  
 4.4.3  SPSS Syntax Method..................................................................44  
 4.4.4  SPSS Output ................................................................................44  
 4.4.5  Results and Interpretation ........................................................45  
5  Paired-Samples T-Test.................................................................. 47  
5.1  Aim ...............................................................................................................47  
5.2  Checklist of Requirements ........................................................................47  
5.3  Assumptions................................................................................................47  
5.4  Example........................................................................................................48  
 5.4.1  Data Entry Format......................................................................48  
 5.4.2  Windows Method.......................................................................48  
 5.4.3  SPSS Syntax Method..................................................................49  
 5.4.4  SPSS Output ................................................................................49  
 5.4.5  Results and Interpretation ........................................................50  
6  One-Way Analysis of Variance, with Post Hoc  
 Comparisons ................................................................................. 51  
6.1  Aim ...............................................................................................................51  
6.2 Checklist of Requirements ........................................................................51  
6.3 Assumptions................................................................................................51  
6.4 Example........................................................................................................52  
6.4.1  Data Entry Format......................................................................52  
6.4.2  Windows Method.......................................................................52  
6.4.3  SPSS Syntax Method..................................................................54  
6.4.4  SPSS Output ................................................................................55  
 Post Hoc Tests .............................................................................55  
6.4.5  Results and Interpretation ........................................................56  
6.4.6  Post Hoc Comparisons ..............................................................56  
7  Factorial Analysis of Variance .................................................... 57  
7.1  Aim ...............................................................................................................57  
7.2  Checklist of Requirements ........................................................................57  
7.3  Assumptions................................................................................................58  
7.4  Example 1 — Two-Way Factorial (2 × 2 Factorial) ...............................58  
 7.4.1  Data Entry Format......................................................................58  
 7.4.2  Windows Method.......................................................................59  
 7.4.3  SPSS Syntax Method..................................................................62  
 7.4.4  SPSS Output ................................................................................62  
 7.4.5  Results and Interpretation ........................................................63  
  7.4.5.1  Main Effect..................................................................63  
  7.4.5.2  Interaction Effect........................................................63  
 7.4.6  Post Hoc Test for Simple Effects..............................................64  
 7.4.7  Data Transformation ..................................................................65  
 7.4.7.1  Windows Method ......................................................65  
 7.4.7.2  Post Hoc Comparisons: Windows Method ...........68  
 7.4.7.3  Post Hoc Comparisons: SPSS Syntax Method......70  
 7.4.8  SPSS Output ................................................................................71  
 7.4.9  Results and Interpretation ........................................................71  
7.5  Example 2 — Three-Way Factorial (2 × 2 × 2 Factorial) ......................71  
 7.5.1  Data Entry Format......................................................................72  
 7.5.2  Windows Method.......................................................................72  
 7.5.3  SPSS Syntax Method..................................................................77  
 7.5.4  SPSS Output ................................................................................77  
 7.5.5  Results and Interpretation ........................................................80  
 7.5.5.1  Main Effects ................................................................80  
 7.5.5.2  Two-Way Interactions ...............................................80  
 7.5.5.3  Three-Way Interaction...............................................83  
8  General Linear Model (GLM) Multivariate Analysis.............. 85  
8.1  Aim ...............................................................................................................85  
8.2 Checklist of Requirements ........................................................................85  
8.3 Assumptions................................................................................................86  
8.4 Example 1 — GLM Multivariate Analysis: One-Sample Test.............86  
8.4.1  Data Entry Format......................................................................87  
8.4.2  Windows Method.......................................................................87  
8.4.3  SPSS Syntax Method..................................................................91  
8.4.4  SPSS Output ................................................................................91  
8.4.5  Results and Interpretation ........................................................92  

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关键词：Multivariate multivariat Univariate Interpret Analysis Analysis SPSS handbook 好书 Data

11.3.4.3  Identifying Independent Relationship .................201  
12  Factor Analysis ........................................................................... 203  
12.1  Aim .............................................................................................................203  
 12.1.1  Computation of the Correlation Matrix ...............................204  
 12.1.2  Extraction of Initial Factors ....................................................204  
  12.1.2.1  Method of Extraction ..............................................204  
  12.1.2.2  Determining the Number of Factors to Be  
   Extracted ...................................................................204  
 12.1.3  Rotation of Extracted Factors .................................................205  
 12.1.4  Rotation Methods .....................................................................205  
 12.1.5  Orthogonal vs. Oblique Rotation...........................................206  
 12.1.6  Number of Factor Analysis Runs ..........................................206  
 12.1.7  Interpreting Factors..................................................................207  
12.2  Checklist of Requirements ......................................................................207  
12.3  Assumptions..............................................................................................208  
 12.3.1  Statistical Assumptions............................................................208  
 12.3.2  Conceptual Assumptions ........................................................208  
12.4  Factor Analysis: Example 1.....................................................................208  
 12.4.1  Data Entry Format....................................................................209  
 12.4.2  Windows Method.....................................................................210  
 12.4.3  SPSS Syntax Method................................................................214  
 12.4.4  SPSS Output ..............................................................................214  
 12.4.5  Results and Interpretation ......................................................218  
 12.4.5.1  Correlation Matrix ...................................................218  
 12.4.5.2  Factor Analysis Output...........................................219  
12.5  Factor Analysis: Example 2.....................................................................221  
 12.5.1  Data Entry Format....................................................................222  
 12.5.2  Windows Method (First Run) ................................................222  
 12.5.3  SPSS Syntax Method (First Run) ...........................................226  
 12.5.4  SPSS Output ..............................................................................226  
 12.5.5  Results and Interpretation ......................................................232  
  12.5.5.1  Correlation Matrix ...................................................232  
  12.5.5.2  Factor Analysis Output...........................................232  
 12.5.6  Windows Method (Second Run)............................................233  
 12.5.7  SPSS Syntax Method (Second Run).......................................236  
 12.5.8  SPSS Output ..............................................................................236  
 12.5.9  Results and Interpretation ......................................................238  
13  Reliability.................................................................................... 239  
13.1  Aim .............................................................................................................239  
 13.1.1  External Consistency Procedures...........................................239  
 13.1.2  Internal Consistency Procedures ...........................................239  
13.2  Example — Reliability .............................................................................240  
13.2.1  Windows Method.....................................................................240  
13.2.2  SPSS Syntax Method................................................................242  
13.2.3  SPSS Output ..............................................................................243  
13.2.4  Results and Interpretation ......................................................243  
14  Multiple Regression................................................................... 245  
14.1  Aim .............................................................................................................245  
14.2  Types of Multiple Regression Method..................................................245  
14.2.1  Standard Multiple Regression................................................245  
14.2.2  Hierarchical Multiple Regression ..........................................246  
14.2.3  Statistical (Stepwise) Regression............................................246  
14.3  Checklist of Requirements ......................................................................247  
14.4  Assumptions..............................................................................................248  
14.5  Multicollinearity .......................................................................................248  
14.6  Example 1 — Prediction Equation and Identification of  
Independent Relationships (Forward Entry of Predictor  
Variables)....................................................................................................249  
14.6.1  Windows Method.....................................................................250  
14.6.2  SPSS Syntax Method................................................................254  
14.6.3  SPSS Output ..............................................................................255  
14.6.4  Results and Interpretation ......................................................257  
 14.6.4.1  Prediction Equation (Predicting the Level  
 of Responsibility from the Three Defense  
 Strategies of PROVOKE, SELFDEF, and  
 INSANITY) ...............................................................257  
 14.6.4.2  Evaluating the Strength of the Prediction  
 Equation ....................................................................258  
14.6.4.3  Identifying Multicollinearity .................................258  
14.6.4.4  Identifying Independent Relationships ...............258  
14.7  Example 2 — Hierarchical Regression..................................................259  
14.7.1  Windows Method.....................................................................260  
14.7.2  SPSS Syntax Method................................................................263  
14.7.3  SPSS Output ..............................................................................264  
14.7.4  Results and Interpretation ......................................................266  
14.8  Example 3 — Path Analysis ...................................................................267  
14.8.1  Windows Method.....................................................................268  
14.8.2  SPSS Syntax Method................................................................272  
14.8.3  SPSS Output ..............................................................................273  
14.8.4  Results and Interpretation ......................................................278  
15  Structural Equation Modeling .................................................. 281  
15.1  What Is Structural Equation Modeling?...............................................281  
15.2  The Role of Theory in SEM ....................................................................283  
15.3  The Structural Equation Model..............................................................283  
15.4  Goodness-of-Fit Criteria ..........................................................................284  
15.4.1  Absolute Fit Measures .............................................................284  
15.4.2  Incremental Fit Measures........................................................285  
15.4.3  Parsimonious Fit Measures.....................................................286  
15.4.4  Note of Caution in the Use of Incremental Fit  
 Indices as “Rules of Thumb” .................................................286  
15.5  Model Assessment....................................................................................287  
15.6  Improving Model Fit................................................................................288  
15.6.1  Modification Indices ................................................................288  
15.6.2  Correlated Errors ......................................................................289  
15.7  Checklist of Requirements ......................................................................289  
15.8  Assumptions..............................................................................................291  
15.9  Examples of Structural Equation Modeling.........................................291  
15.10 Example 1: Linear Regression with Observed Variables...................292  
15.10.1  Data Entry Format....................................................................293  
15.10.2  Modeling in Amos Graphics ..................................................293  
15.10.3  Results and Interpretation ......................................................296  
15.10.3.1 Regression Weights, Standardized  
Regression Weights, and Squared Multiple  
Correlations ..............................................................297  
15.11 Example 2: Regression with Unobserved (Latent) Variables............299  
15.11.1  Results and Interpretation ......................................................300  
15.11.1.1 Regression Weights, Standardized  
Regression Weights, and Squared Multiple  
Correlations ..............................................................301  
15.11.1.2 Comparing the Latent-Construct Model  
(Example 2) with the Observed-Measurement  
Model (Example 1) ..................................................303  
15.12 Example 3: Multimodel Path Analysis with Latent Variables..........303  
15.12.1  Evaluation of the Measurement Model: Confirmatory  
Factor Analysis (CFA)..............................................................304  
15.12.2  Results and Interpretation ......................................................306  
15.12.2.1 Regression Weights and Standardized  
Regression Weights .................................................308  
15.12.3  The Modified Model ................................................................310  
15.12.4  Comparing the Original (Default) Model against the  
 Modified Model ........................................................................310  
15.12.5  Multimodel Analysis: Evaluation of the Direct Path  
 Model vs. the Indirect Path Model........................................ 311  
15.12.6  Defining the Direct and Indirect Models .............................314  
15.12.7  Results and Interpretion..........................................................316  
 15.12.7.1 Goodness-of-Fit Comparison: Direct Model  
 vs. Indirect Model....................................................317  
 15.12.7.2 Regression Weights, Standardized  
 Regression Weights, and Squared Multiple  
 Correlations ..............................................................319  
 15.12.7.3 Explained Variances and Residual  
 Variances ...................................................................320  
15.13 Example 4: Multigroup Analysis ...........................................................321  
15.13.1  Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis ..........................321  
 15.13.1.1 Conducting Multigroup Modeling for  
 Males and Females: The Measurement  
 Model.........................................................................321  
 15.13.1.2 Results and Interpretation......................................331  
15.13.2  Multigroup Path Analysis.......................................................337  
 15.13.2.1 Conducting Multigroup Modeling for  
 Males and Females: The Path Model ...................338  
 15.13.2.2 Results and Interpretation......................................348  
16  Nonpa rametric Tests .................................................................. 357  
16.1  Aim .............................................................................................................357   
16.2  Chi-Sq uare (χ2) Test for Single-Variable Experiments........................358  
16.2.1  Assumptions..............................................................................358  
16.2.2  Example 1 — Equal Expected Frequencies..........................358  
 16.2.2.1  Data Entry Format...................................................358  
 16.2.2.2  Windows Method ....................................................359  
 16.2.2.3  SPSS Syntax Method ...............................................360  
 16.2.2.4  SPSS Output .............................................................360  
 16.2.2.5  Results and Interpretation......................................360  
16.2.3  Example 2 — Unequal Expected Frequencies.....................360  
 16.2.3.1  Windows Method ....................................................361  
 16.2.3.2  SPSS Syntax Method ...............................................362  
 16.2.3.3  SPSS Output .............................................................362  
 16.2.3.4  Results and Interpretation......................................363  
16.3  Chi-Sq uare (χ2) Test of Independence between Two Variables ........363  
16.3.1  Assumptions..............................................................................363  
16.3.2  Windows Method.....................................................................363  
16.3.3  SPSS Syntax Method................................................................366  
16.3.4  SPSS Output .............................................................................367  
16.3.5  Results and Interpretation ......................................................367  
16.4  Mann– Whitney U Test for Two Independent Samples......................368  
16.4.1  Assumptions..............................................................................368  
16.4.2  Data Entry Format....................................................................369  
16.4.3  Windows Method.....................................................................369  
16.4.4  SPSS Syntax Method................................................................371  
16.4.5  SPSS Output ..............................................................................371  
16.4.6  Results and Interpretation ......................................................372  
16.5  Kruska l–Wallis Test for Several Independent Samples......................372  
16.5.1  Assumptions..............................................................................372  
16.5.2  Data Entry Format....................................................................373  
16.5.3  Windows Method.....................................................................373  
16.5.4  SPSS Syntax Method................................................................375  
16.5.5  SPSS Output ..............................................................................375   
16.5.6  Results and Interpretation ......................................................375  
16.6  Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test for Two Related Samples.....................375  
16.6.1  Assumptions..............................................................................376  
16.6.2  Data Entry Format....................................................................376  
16.6.3  Windows Method.....................................................................376  
16.6.4  SPSS Syntax Method................................................................377  
16.6.5  SPSS Output .............................................................................378  
16.6.6  Results and Interpretation ......................................................378  
16.7  Friedman Test for Several Related Samples.........................................378  
16.7.1  Assumptions..............................................................................379  
16.7.2  Data Entry Format....................................................................379  
16.7.3  Windows Method.....................................................................379  
16.7.4  SPSS Syntax Method................................................................380  
16.7.5  SPSS Output ..............................................................................381  
16.7.6  Results and Interpretation ......................................................381  
（END）

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