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A further drawback was the time taken to obtain the necessary approvals, extract, code and link the data. This means we only have data up to 2010. On the other hand, it may be difficult to ascribe an effect more than 2 years after the increase in alcopops tax in the face of other policy, societal and macroeconomic change. In addition, this is the time-frame when sales data showed a drop in the purchase of alcopops and so would also be the time when any health gains should have occurred. The percentage of males in the 15–29-year-old and 30–49-year-old presentations for alcohol-related harm was similar but higher than for the other controls who presented with appendicitis or asthma. On the other hand, the results were consistent across all comparison groups (appendicitis, asthma or older presentations for alcohol-related harm) and when males and females were analysed separately. Lastly, the results may not necessarily apply elsewhere or to measures that target other types of alcoholic drink or population.

Subjects
We used the Emergency Department Information System (EDIS) to measure presentations of 15–29-year-olds from 28 April 2005 to 28 April 2010. We were limited to 11 hospitals (out of a possible 28) that contributed data to EDIS for the duration of the study. However, importantly, these hospitals saw 60% of all ED presentations in Queensland (see Results). We used the following International Classification of Diseases 10th Edition (ICD-10) codes in the principal diagnosis field: F10 codes for mental and behavioural disorders due to alcohol; S00-T18 codes for injury (excluding superficial injury S codes); Y90–91.9 for evidence of alcohol involvement by level of intoxication or blood alcohol level; R78.0 for a finding of alcohol in blood; and Z04.0–0.5 for blood-alcohol and blood-drug test, or examination and observation following injury. Where present, we also obtained external cause of injury codes as follows: V01–94 for transport accidents; W00–X59 for other accidental injuries except W20–W21 and W35-W64; X60-X84 for intentional self-harm; and X93-Y34 for assault and events of undetermined intent. We used narrow and broad definitions of alcohol-related harm. The former was restricted to codes that are solely associated with alcohol: F10, Y90–91.9, R78.0 and Z04.0–0.5. The latter included the narrow definition plus all the injury codes. We used alcohol-attributable fractions (AAFs) to adjust for the fact that not all injures are due to alcohol. AAFs assign the likelihood that any given condition has an association with alcohol using previously published clinical data. Alcoholic cirrhosis, for example, has an AAF of 1.0, while road accidents (V01-V89) have a value of 0.4 for males and 0.31 for females. The reported prevalence is multiplied by the AAF to estimate the morbidity due to alcohol. We used AAFs derived from data from Australia or Britain. 23 ,24 Where cases did not have F, V, W, X or Y codes, we were unable to apply cause-specific AAFs. We therefore applied an average across all injuries of that type using AAFs appropriate to the relevant gender and age group.

We were limited to 11 hospitals (out of a possible 28) that contributed data to EDIS for the duration of the study.

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Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modelling was then used to test for any significant interruption to the time series following the tax increase.

Funding The data used for this study were made available through the Population Health Research Network funded by the Australian Government's National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy.

Competing interests None declared. The data used for this study were made available through the Population Health Research Network funded by the Australian Government's National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy.

Background Raising duty on alcohol across the board can reduce morbidity, mortality and other adverse consequences of alcohol use. However, effectiveness is less certain for measures that target specific types of alcohol beverage in isolation. One example from Australia was the increase in tax on alcopops favoured by young people to curb risky drinking in this demographic.

Methods We measured alcohol-related health harms in 15–29-year-olds presenting to emergency departments (EDs) in Queensland following the tax increase. These presentations were compared with following ED controls: (1) 15–29-year-olds with asthma or appendicitis; and (2) 30–49-year-olds presenting with alcohol-related harms. We analysed data over a 5-year period (April 2005–April 2010) using a time series analysis. This covered 3 years before, and 2 years after, the tax increase. We investigated both mental and behavioural consequences (F10 codes), and intentional/unintentional injuries (S and T codes).

Introduction
Young adults are vulnerable to alcohol-related harm and so drinks specifically marketed at them are of particular concern.1 For instance, up to 62% of 15–16-year-olds in Europe reported recently consuming alcopops, premixed spirit-based beverages that are highly sweetened and modelled on non-alcoholic or energy drinks.2