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英文文献：Seasonal Asymmetric Price Transmission in Ghanaian Tomato Markets: Adapting Johansen’s Estimation Method-加纳番茄市场的季节性不对称价格传导:采用Johansen的估计方法
英文文献作者：Amikuzuno, Joseph,Ihle, Rico
英文文献摘要：
We assess market integration and price transmission of perishable agricultural produce in Sub-Saharan Africa by studying Ghanaian tomato markets which are characterized by pronounced seasonality in production and trade flows. We analyse the tomato markets of Ghana by simultaneously regarding its five most important markets, Navrongo, Techiman, Kumasi, Tamale and Accra, in a multivariate asymmetric price transmission framework. The estimation of the model is based on a unique dataset and on a modified version of the Johansen estimation procedure which is suitable for estimating such multivariate models. We estimate the price transmission parameters for four regimes which are a combination of the seasonal patterns in trade flows and asymmetries in the longrun price equilibrium between the most important production region (Techiman) and the most important consumption centre for tomatoes (Accra). We find strong evidence for integration of the five markets. In general, price transmission appears to be fast. Disequilibria mainly trigger price responses in the two production regions of Navrongo and Techiman. The regimes are found to matter for the whole system of tomato markets. Disequilibrium is shown to spillover between the price relationships. Consequently, tomato markets in Ghana appear to be integrated and function very well since price signals are rapidly passed through the country.
，我们通过研究生产和贸易流动中具有明显季节性特征的加纳番茄市场，评估撒哈拉以南非洲易腐农产品的市场整合和价格传导。在多元不对称价格传导框架下，我们同时分析了加纳的五个最重要市场，Navrongo, Techiman, Kumasi, Tamale和Accra的番茄市场。模型的估计是基于一个独特的数据集和改进的Johansen估计程序，该程序适用于多变量模型的估计。我们估计了四种制度的价格传递参数，它们是贸易流动的季节性模式和最重要的番茄产地(Techiman)和最重要的番茄消费中心(阿克拉)之间长期价格均衡的不对称组合。我们发现了这五个市场整合的有力证据。总体而言，价格传导速度似乎很快。不平衡主要在Navrongo和Techiman这两个生产地区引发价格反应。人们发现，这些制度对整个番茄市场体系至关重要。非均衡表现为价格关系之间的溢出效应。因此，加纳的番茄市场看来是一体化的，运作良好，因为价格信号迅速传遍全国。
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