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PERSECUTION PERPETUATED: THE MEDIEVAL ORIGINS
OF ANTI-SEMITIC VIOLENCE IN NAZI GERMANY
Citation: Nico Voigtla¨nder, Hans-Joachim Voth, PERSECUTION PERPETUATED: THE MEDIEVAL ORIGINS
OF ANTI-SEMITIC VIOLENCE IN NAZI GERMANY, QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, Oxford Press
Abstract: How persistent are cultural traits? Using data on anti-Semitism in
Germany, we find local continuity over 600 years. Jews were often blamed
when the Black Death killed at least a third of Europe’s population during
1348–50. We use plague-era pogroms as an indicator for medieval anti-
Semitism. They reliably predict violence against Jews in the 1920s, votes for
the Nazi Party, deportations after 1933, attacks on synagogues, and letters to
Der Stu¨rmer. We also identify areas where persistence was lower: cities with
high levels of trade or immigration. Finally, we show that our results are not
driven by political extremism or by different attitudes toward violence. JEL
Codes: N33, N34, N93, N94, D74.
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