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英文文献：Fundamentals of Cattle Marketing in Southwest, Nigeria: Analyzing Market Intermediaries, Price Formation and Yield Performance-尼日利亚西南部牛市场营销基本原理:分析市场中介、价格形成和产量表现
英文文献作者：Mafimisebi, Taiwo Ejiola,Bobola, O.M.,Mafimisebi, O.E.
英文文献摘要：
An understanding of how cattle markets work is a desideratum for sustainable commercialization of cattle production aimed at increasing accessibility to and affordability of cattle meat. This study examined the fundamentals of cattle marketing in Southwest, Nigeria using primary data collected from 120 respondents selected through multi-stage sampling technique. Data analytical tools included descriptive statistics, budgeting and price formation strategy models. Empirical results showed the market is dominated by males (87.5%), market intermediaries less than 50 years (64.0%) who had formal education (68.0%). The three most important intermediaries were dealers, retailers and brokers. Transportation accounted for 74.3% and 46.2% of Total Variable Cost incurred by dealers and retailers. Cattle marketing was profitable with gross margin per head of cattle sold being N 6548, N 4,655 and N 2,342.50, respectively, for dealers, retailers and brokers while profitability ratio was 1.09, 1.07 and 1.03, respectively. The factors considered important in cattle price discovery included body condition, payment mode and type of buyers while breed, seller category and colour were the least important. Constraints to cattle marketers included insufficient capital, poor roads and insecurity identified by 85.0%, 83.3% and 79.7% of the respondents, respectively. The study concluded that the cattle market is well organized and that cattle marketing is a fairly profitable venture and potential employment source. Strengthening marketing institutions through capacity building for stakeholders, rail system resuscitation and fixing of bad roads are recommended as steps necessary to enhance the commercialization and performance of cattle marketing.
了解肉牛市场的运作方式是促进肉牛生产可持续商业化的必要条件，目的是提高肉牛的可获得性和可负担性。本研究采用多阶段抽样技术，从120名调查对象中收集原始数据，研究尼日利亚西南部牛市场销售的基本情况。数据分析工具包括描述性统计、预算编制和价格形成策略模型。实证结果显示，市场主体为男性(87.5%)、50岁以下、接受过正规教育的市场中介机构(64.0%)。三个最重要的中间商是交易商、零售商和经纪人。运输成本占经销商和零售商变动成本总额的74.3%和46.2%。销售牛是有利可图的，经销商、零售商和经纪人的销售牛毛利率分别为N 6548、N 4655和N 2342.50，盈利比率分别为1.09、1.07和1.03。影响价格发现的因素包括:体型、付款方式和买家类型，而品种、卖家类别和颜色最不重要。分别有85.0%、83.3%及79.7%的受访者认为，牛贩受到的限制包括资金不足、道路不良及不安全。该研究得出结论，牛市场组织良好，牛营销是一个相当有利可图的风险和潜在的就业来源。建议通过利益相关者的能力建设、铁路系统复苏和修复糟糕的道路来加强市场营销机构，这些都是提高牛市场的商业化和业绩的必要步骤。
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