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雷达卡
CONTENTSPREFACE ..................................................................................................iii
ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................... viii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................. ix
I. INTRODUCING THE SILK ROAD ...............................................................1
A. The history of the Silk Road .............................................................................. 1
B. The present-day Silk Road................................................................................. 2
1. Political and economic developments since 1991 ....................................................................2
2. Increasing economic connection in the region..........................................................................3
C. Geography and people of the region ................................................................... 4
II. THE SILK ROAD BUSINESS OPERATING ENVIRONMENT ...........................9
A. Macroeconomic conditions ................................................................................ 9
1. Economic performance...............................................................................................................9
2. Structure of economies.............................................................................................................10
B. Trade............................................................................................................ 10
1. Intraregional trade .....................................................................................................................10
2. Main trading partners................................................................................................................11
3. Trade arrangements ..................................................................................................................12
C. Foreign direct investment ............................................................................... 13
1. Foreign direct investment inlows ............................................................................................13
2. The investment environment ....................................................................................................14
3. Bilateral investment treaties and double taxation treaties......................................................15
4. Special economic zones ...........................................................................................................15
5. Openness to FDI and investment promotion ...........................................................................18
D. Financial sector and taxation .......................................................................... 19
1. Financial institutions and capital markets................................................................................19
2. Taxes ..........................................................................................................................................20
E. Infrastructure ............................................................................................... 20
1. Roads and highways.................................................................................................................21
2. Railways.....................................................................................................................................21
3. Airports ......................................................................................................................................22
4. Energy ........................................................................................................................................23
5. Telecommunications .................................................................................................................23
F. Human resources .......................................................................................... 26
1. Working age population ............................................................................................................26
2. Levels of education ...................................................................................................................263. Labour costs..............................................................................................................................26
III. SILK ROAD INVESTMENT PRIORITIES AND OPPORTUNITIES ..................29
A. Tourism ........................................................................................................ 29
B. Energy ......................................................................................................... 31
C. Mining .......................................................................................................... 35
D. Transportation and logistics............................................................................ 36
E. Agro-business................................................................................................ 38
F. Chemicals ..................................................................................................... 40
G. Machinery..................................................................................................... 41
H. Information and communication technology....................................................... 42
I. Summary ...................................................................................................... 44
APPENDICES: THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE SILK ROAD COUNTRIES ...........................................45
A. China............................................................................................................. 45
B. Kazakhstan .................................................................................................... 48
C. Kyrgyzstan..................................................................................................... 51
D. Tajikistan ....................................................................................................... 53
E. Turkmenistan ................................................................................................. 55
F. Uzbekistan......................................................................................................57
REFERENCES..........................................................................................61
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