【2015新书】C in a Nutshell: The Definitive Reference（2nd）

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图书名称：C in a Nutshell: The Definitive Reference（2nd）
作者：Peter Prinz, Tony Crawford
出版社：O'Reilly
页数：824
出版时间：December 2015                           
语言：English
格式：epub
内容简介：
The new edition of this classic O’Reilly reference provides clear, detailed explanations of every feature in the C language and runtime library, including multithreading, type-generic macros, and library functions that are new in the 2011 C standard (C11). If you want to understand the effects of an unfamiliar function, and how the standard library requires it to behave, you’ll find it here, along with a typical example.
Ideal for experienced C and C++ programmers, this book also includes popular tools in the GNU software collection. You’ll learn how to build C programs with GNU Make, compile executable programs from C source code, and test and debug your programs with the GNU debugger.
In three sections, this authoritative book covers:

• C language concepts and language elements, with separate chapters on types, statements, pointers, memory management, I/O, and more
• The C standard library, including an overview of standard headers and a detailed function reference
• Basic C programming tools in the GNU software collection, with instructions on how use them with the Eclipse IDE
  

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2015-12-19 20:05:09 上传

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关键词：Definitive Reference nutshell erence Shell English 出版社 Peter

1. Example 8-1. Function strcat()
   
2. // The function strcat() appends a copy of the second string
   
3. // to the end of the first string.
   
4. // Arguments:    Pointers to the two strings.
   
5. // Return value: A pointer to the first string, now concatenated with the second.
   
6. 
   
7. char *strcat( char * restrict s1, const char * restrict s2 )
   
8. {
   
9.   char *rtnPtr = s1;
   
10.   while ( *s1 != '\0' )                // Find the end of string s1.
    
11.     ++s1;
    
12.   while (( *s1++ = *s2++ ) != '\0' )   // The first character from s2 replaces
    
13.     ;                                  // the terminator of s1.
    
14.   return rtnPtr;
    
15. }

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1. Example 8-2. Functions printRow() and printMatrix()
   
2. // Print one "row" array.
   
3. void printRow( const ROW_t pRow )
   
4. {
   
5.   for ( int c = 0; c < NCOLS; ++c )
   
6.     printf( "%6.2f", pRow[c] );
   
7.   putchar( '\n' );
   
8. }
   
9. 
   
10. // Print the whole matrix.
    
11. void printMatrix( const ROW_t *pMat, int nRows )
    
12. {
    
13.   for ( int r = 0; r < nRows; ++r )
    
14.     printRow( pMat[r] );              // Print each row.
    
15. }
    
16. The parameters pRow and pMat are declared as pointers to const arrays because the functions do not modify the matrix. Because the number of rows is variable, it is passed to the function printMatrix() as a second argument.
    
17. The following code fragment defines and initializes an array of rows with type ROW_t, and then calls the function printMatrix():
    
18. ROW_t mat[ ] = { { 0.0F, 0.1F },
    
19.                 { 1.0F, 1.1F, 1.2F },
    
20.                 { 2.0F, 2.1F, 2.2F, 2.3F } };
    
21. int nRows = sizeof(mat) / sizeof(ROW_t);
    
22. printMatrix( mat, nRows );

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1. Null Pointers
   
2. A null pointer is what results when you convert a null pointer constant to a pointer type. A null pointer constant is an integer constant expression with the value 0, or such an expression cast as the type void * (see "Null Pointer Constants" in Chapter 4). The macro NULL is defined in stdlib.h, stdio.h and other header files as a null pointer constant.
   
3. A null pointer is always unequal to any valid pointer to an object or function. For this reason, functions that return a pointer type usually use a null pointer to indicate a failure condition. One example is the standard function fopen(), which returns a null pointer if it fails to open a file in the specified mode:
   
4. #include <stdio.h>
   
5. /* ... */
   
6. FILE *fp = fopen( "demo.txt", "r" );
   
7. if ( fp == NULL )
   
8. {
   
9.   // Error: unable to open the file demo.txt for reading.
   
10. }
    
11. Null pointers are implicitly converted to other pointer types as necessary for assignment operations, or for comparisons using == or !=. Hence no cast operator is necessary in the previous example. (See also "Implicit Pointer Conversions" in Chapter 4.)

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1. void Pointers
   
2. A pointer to void, or void pointer for short, is a pointer with the type void *. As there are no objects with the type void, the type void * is used as the all-purpose pointer type. In other words, a void pointer can represent the address of any object—but not its type. To access an object in memory, you must always convert a void pointer into an appropriate object pointer.
   
3. To declare a function that can be called with different types of pointer arguments, you can declare the appropriate parameters as pointers to void. When you call such a function, the compiler implicitly converts an object pointer argument into a void pointer. A common example is the standard function memset(), which is declared in the header file string.h with the following prototype:
   
4. void *memset( void *s, int c, size_t n );
   
5. The function memset() assigns the value of c to each of the n bytes of memory in the block beginning at the address s. For example, the following function call assigns the value 0 to each byte in the structure variable record:
   
6. struct Data { /* ... */ } record;
   
7. memset( &record, 0, sizeof(record) );
   
8. The argument &record has the type struct Data *. In the function call, the argument is converted to the parameter’s type, void *.
   
9. The compiler likewise converts void pointers into object pointers where necessary. For example, in the following statement, the malloc() function returns a void pointer whose value is the address of the allocated memory block. The assignment operation converts the void pointer into a pointer to int:
   
10. int *iPtr = malloc( 1000 * sizeof(int) );

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1. Initializing Pointers
   
2. Pointer variables with automatic storage duration start with an undefined value, unless their declaration contains an explicit initializer. All variables defined within any block, without the storage class specifier static, have automatic storage duration. All other pointers defined without an initializer have the initial value of a null pointer.
   
3. You can initialize a pointer with the following kinds of initializers:
   
4. A null pointer constant.
   
5. A pointer to the same type, or to a less qualified version of the same type (see the section "Pointers and Type Qualifiers,” later in this chapter).
   
6. A void pointer, if the pointer being initialized is not a function pointer. Here again, the pointer being initialized can be a pointer to a more qualified type.
   
7. Pointers that do not have automatic storage duration must be initialized with a constant expression, such as the result of an address operation or the name of an array or function.
   
8. When you initialize a pointer, no implicit type conversion takes place except in the cases just listed. However, you can explicitly convert a pointer value to another pointer type. For example, to read any object byte by byte, you can convert its address into a char pointer to the first byte of the object:
   
9. double x = 1.5;
   
10. char *cPtr = &x;          // Error: type mismatch; no implicit conversion.
    
11. char *cPtr = (char *)&x;  // OK: cPtr points to the first byte of x.

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C in a Nutshell 1st Edition

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