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英文文献：Economic Impacts Of International Agricultural Research: Case Of Us-Egypt-Irri Collaborative Project On The Generation Of New Rice Technologies-国际农业研究的经济影响:美国、埃及和国际水稻研究所关于生产新水稻技术的合作项目的案例
英文文献作者：Gehlhar, Clemen G.,Nagarajan, Latha,Wood, Stanley
英文文献摘要：
Agricultural research managers and scientists are under increasing pressure to demonstrate the efficient and socially-effective use of funds spent on agricultural R&D. These pressures stem from heightened expectations of transparency and accountability in the use of public funds, as well as from the growing demand for evidence of impact on target social groups and environmental services. Finally, advances in agricultural biotechnology research and the ensuing dialogue about the desirability of using biotechnology tools for increasing food production in developing countries have highlighted the need to assess the impacts of international agricultural research in the US, the developing countries, and the international agricultural research centers (IARCs). The US-Egypt ATUT project, funding involves collaborative research among plant breeders, molecular geneticists, and other agricultural scientists in the US, Egypt and IRRI. ATUT rice research accelerated the utilization of three methods for improving the speed and reliability of the screening and evaluation process for identifying salt resistant varieties: shuttle breeding, anther culture and marker-assisted selection. ATUT initiated the application of Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) technology for screening Egyptian rice germplasm. Other ATUT rice technologies in the pipeline have various levels of AATUTness in their research and development. Some of the varieties to be released starting 2003 such as short duration HYVs, will have benefitted less directly from ATUT funding and scientific collaboration. Others- such as hybrid rice varieties will have been very significantly shaped by ATUT. The DREAM model under IFPRI's Global and Regional Program on Agricultural Science and Technology Policy, is used to assess the potential economic benefit of technology outputs for rice, under a range of likely adoption, market and trade scenarios. The simulation model, based on economic surplus theory, uses data and parameters from interviews with scientists, policy makers on the impact and adoption of technology. For this study, ex-ante simulations of the most likely range of outcomes with and without the innovations from ATUT investments. Analyzing the impact of technical change (a simulation over a specified number of years) has provided year-by year estimates of changes in: prices, quantities produced, consumed and traded, levels of adoption, economic benefits to consumers, economic benefits to adopters or losses (non-adopters) to producers. For US and IRRI benefits: Enhanced germplasm pool, stock of knowledge and facilities, and better informed scientists. US scientists in California and Arkansas benefit More integrated into the international rice research community. Gross benefits are estimated for governorates, by producers and consumers, by saline and normal soils, for 1997 to 2017 (end of GoE's current strategic horizon) discounted to 1997 US$. Producers in normal soils derive higher benefits than those in saline soils, some governorates reap more of the producer benefits than others; rural consumers benefit more than urban consumers. Consumer benefits are also estimated for importers of Egyptian rice such as Turkey, Sudan and aggregated Arabian countries. Cost of rice R&D and technology transfer will be measured to derive the IRR and B/C ratios.
农业研究管理者和科学家面临着越来越大的压力，他们需要证明如何有效地和社会有效地使用用于农业研发的资金。这些压力来自于对使用公共资金的透明度和问责性的更高期望，以及对证明其对目标社会群体和环境服务的影响的日益增长的需求。最后，农业生物技术研究的进展以及随后关于在发展中国家使用生物技术工具增加粮食生产的可取性的对话突出了评估美国、发展中国家和国际农业研究中心(IARCs)的国际农业研究的影响的必要性。美国-埃及ATUT项目的资助包括在美国、埃及和IRRI的植物育种家、分子遗传学家和其他农业科学家之间进行合作研究。水稻的研究加速了三种方法的应用，提高了抗盐品种筛选和评价过程的速度和可靠性:穿梭育种、花药培养和标记辅助选择。ATUT启动了标记辅助选择(MAS)技术在埃及水稻种质资源筛选中的应用。其他正在开发中的水稻技术在研究和开发中具有不同程度的先进性。从2003年开始发布的一些品种，如短期hyv，将较少直接从ATUT资助和科学合作中获益。其他品种——比如杂交水稻品种将受到ATUT的显著影响。IFPRI的全球和区域农业科学技术政策计划的DREAM模型，用于评估水稻技术产出的潜在经济效益，在一系列可能的采用、市场和贸易情景下。该模拟模型基于经济盈余理论，使用了对科学家和政策制定者就技术的影响和采用进行采访的数据和参数。在本研究中，事前模拟了有或没有ATUT投资创新的最可能的结果范围。通过分析技术变化的影响(在一定年限内的模拟)，我们可以逐年对以下方面的变化进行估计:价格、生产、消费和交易的数量、采用的水平、对消费者的经济利益、采用者的经济利益或对生产者的损失(非采用者)。对美国和IRRI来说，好处是:加强种质池、知识和设施的储备，以及更好地了解情况的科学家。加州和阿肯色州的美国科学家受益于更多地融入国际水稻研究界。根据生产者和消费者、盐碱地和正常土壤(GoE目前的战略展望结束时)，对各省1997年至2017年的总收益进行了估算，折算为1997年美元。正常土壤的生产者获得的效益比盐渍土壤的生产者获得的效益更高，一些省份获得的效益比其他省份更多;农村消费者比城市消费者受益更多。还估计了埃及大米进口商如土耳其、苏丹和阿拉伯国家的消费者利益。衡量水稻研发和技术转移的成本，得出IRR和B/C的比值。
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