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英文文献：Voluntary Conservation Of Endangered Species: When Does "No Surprises" Mean No Conservation-自愿保护濒危物种:什么时候“没有意外”就意味着不保护
英文文献作者：Langpap, Christian
英文文献摘要：
Voluntary conservation agreements are becoming increasingly important in implementing the Endangered Species Act on private land. We analyze when such agreements arise and what level of conservation they generate in the presence of uncertainty about future government regulation and conservation benefits. Our results suggest that the likelihood of an agreement depends on the availability of assurances regarding future regulation. In particular, an agreement may not be reached if there is a high degree of uncertainty regarding future conservation requirements. The level of conservation attainable from an agreement depends on the likelihood of regulation, the bargaining power of the parties, the irreversibility of development, and the availability of assurances. Under conditions likely to hold in practice, a higher conservation level may be achieved by offering assurances. However, this level of conservation will not be optimal, and may be lower than that attainable from regulation.
在私有土地上执行《濒危物种法》时，自愿保护协议正变得越来越重要。我们分析这类协议何时出现，以及在未来政府监管和保护利益存在不确定性的情况下，它们产生了何种程度的保护。我们的研究结果表明，达成协议的可能性取决于有关未来监管的保证的有效性。特别是，如果未来的保护要求存在高度的不确定性，协议可能无法达成。一项协议所能达到的保护水平取决于管制的可能性、各方的讨价还价能力、发展的不可逆转性以及是否能得到保证。在实际可能保持的条件下，可以通过提供保证来达到较高的保护水平。然而，这种保护水平将不是最佳的，而且可能低于通过管制所能达到的水平。
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