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英文文献：Tariff Escalation: Impacts On U.S. And Global Rice Trade-关税升级:对美国和全球大米贸易的影响
英文文献作者：Wailes, Eric J.,Durand-Morat, Alvaro,Hoffman, Linwood A.,Childs, Nathan W.
英文文献摘要：
Tariff escalation is an important aspect of protection for domestic milling industries, particularly in Central America. The United States exports over 40 percent of its rice as paddy. This study uses a spatial equilibrium trade model to evaluate the impacts of tariff escalation on U.S. and global long grain paddy and milled rice trade. Tariffs are harmonized for paddy and milled rice at two levels: milled tariff rates and zero. The results indicate that tariff escalation distorts US rice trade in favor of paddy exports, reducing the demand for rice milling and associated value-added activities in the US.
关税升级是保护国内制粉工业的一个重要方面，特别是在中美洲。美国40%以上的大米以水稻的形式出口。本研究采用空间均衡贸易模型来评估关税升级对美国和全球长粒水稻和米粉贸易的影响。稻谷和精米的关税在两个水平上进行协调:精米关税和零关税。结果表明，关税升级扭曲了美国大米贸易，有利于水稻出口，减少了美国对大米加工和相关增值活动的需求。
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