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英文文献：Measuring the Impact of Globalization on the Well-being of the Poor: Methodology and an Application to Africa-衡量全球化对穷人福祉的影响:方法和在非洲的应用
英文文献作者：Rahman, Tauhidur,Mittelhammer, Ronald C.
英文文献摘要：
Whereas a large number of empirical studies have been devoted to analyzing the relationship between measures of income and globalization (defined by openness to international trade), much less attention has been paid to the analysis of well-being for the various subgroups of population and their causal associations with globalization. To address this gap in the literature, this paper first analyzes the quality of life (QOL) of 'poor' and 'non-poor' population segments of 40 African countries over a period of 1980-2000, and then examines their causal association with openness to trade. In order to understand the impact of openness to trade on the well-being of poor, we assume the causal chain Openness_ Income_ Poverty_ Well-being of poor and empirically examine link by link for Africa. The first link of the chain is from openness to growth. The second link in the causal chain from openness to well-being is the interrelationship between growth and poverty. The third link of the chain is from reduction in poverty to improvement of well-being. The major findings of this paper are: First, nearly every well-being indicator declines as the poor's population share increases; second, the tendency for QOL to decline with increasing poor's population share is common to the African and non-African countries; third, women suffer a double QOL disadvantage in areas of health and education as the poor's share of population increases; and fourth, globalization has improved incomes of African countries, however, there is a no significant decline in poverty and improvement in well-being of the poor over the period. We discuss the key challenges faces by African countries to beneficially engage in the world economy.
虽然大量的实证研究致力于分析衡量收入和全球化(以对国际贸易的开放程度定义)之间的关系，但很少注意分析人口各子群体的福祉及其与全球化之间的因果关系。为了解决文献中的这一差距，本文首先分析了80-2000年间40个非洲国家的“贫困”和“非贫困”人口的生活质量(QOL)，然后研究了它们与贸易开放程度之间的因果关系。为了理解贸易开放对穷人福祉的影响，我们假设了因果链开放-收入-贫穷-穷人福祉，并对非洲的各个环节进行了实证检验。第一个环节是从开放到增长。从开放到幸福的因果链的第二个环节是增长和贫穷之间的相互关系。这个链条的第三个环节是从减少贫困到改善福祉。本文的主要发现是:第一，几乎所有的幸福指标都随着贫困人口比例的增加而下降;其次，非洲和非非洲国家普遍存在着生活质量随贫困人口比例增加而下降的趋势;第三，随着穷人在人口中所占比例的增加，妇女在卫生和教育领域的生活质量处于双重不利地位;第四，全球化提高了非洲国家的收入，然而，在此期间，贫困没有显著减少，穷人的福祉没有得到改善。我们将讨论非洲国家在有利地参与世界经济方面所面临的关键挑战。
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