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英文文献：The Empirics of Environmental and Distributional Impacts of Conservation Targeting Strategies-保护目标策略的环境和分布影响的经验
英文文献作者：Tanaka, Katsuya,Wu, JunJie
英文文献摘要：
This study compares the environmental and economic effects of alternative targeting strategies (benefit, cost, and benefit-cost ratio targeting) for reducing nitrate-N water pollution in the Des Moines Watershed in Iowa. The objective is achieved by applying an integrated modeling system to nitrate-N runoff from the Des Moines Watershed. Our integrated modeling system consists of an econometric model and a physically-based hydrologic balance simulation model. The econometric model estimates the opportunity cost of CRP participation is calculated at each parcel. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is then used to simulate the level of nitrate-N runoff at each NRI parcel in the watershed. Our results show that the benefit-cost targeting achieves the highest nitrate-N runoff reduction for a given budget. The cost targeting results in the largest amount of land out of production. This strategy, however, results in the smallest environmental benefits. The benefit targeting takes the smallest amount of resource out of production and results in highest output level. The percent differences in the amount of land retired and total nitrate-N runoff reduction among alternative targeting strategies tend to be larger when the conservation budget is smaller. Finally, benefit targeting and benefit-cost ratio targeting tend to result in similar environmental and economic outcomes. Differences in nitrate-N runoff and acres of land retired between these two strategies are shown to be quite small.
本研究比较了在爱荷华州得梅因流域减少硝酸盐- n水污染的替代目标策略(效益、成本和效益-成本比率目标)的环境和经济效应。通过对得梅因流域的硝态氮径流应用集成建模系统实现了这一目标。我们的综合建模系统包括一个计量模型和一个基于物理的水文平衡模拟模型。计量经济学模型估计了参与CRP的机会成本，并按每个包裹计算。然后使用土壤和水评估工具(SWAT)来模拟流域中每个NRI地块的硝态氮径流水平。我们的结果表明，效益-成本目标实现了最高的硝酸盐- n径流减少的预算。成本目标导致了最大数量的土地停产。然而，这种策略所带来的环境效益是最小的。利益目标从生产中获得最少的资源，并产生最高的产出水平。当保护预算较小时，不同的目标策略之间的退耕土地数量和硝酸盐- n径流总量减少的百分比差异往往较大。最后，以效益为目标和以效益成本比为目标往往会产生类似的环境和经济结果。在这两种策略之间，硝酸盐- n径流和土地闲置面积的差异非常小。
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