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英文文献：Determinants of Agricultural Landowners’ Willingness to Supply Open Space Through Conservation Easements-农业土地所有者通过保护地役权提供开放空间意愿的决定因素
英文文献作者：Miller, Ashley D.,Bastian, Christopher T.,McLeod, Donald M.,Keske, Catherine M.,Hoag, Dana L.
英文文献摘要：
Open space provides a range of benefits to many people of a community, beyond the benefits that accrue to private landowners. Parks and natural areas can be used for recreation; wetlands and forests supply storm-water drainage and wildlife habitat; farms and forests provide aesthetic benefits to surrounding residents. Moreover, undeveloped land can give relief from congestion. Agricultural lands are an important source of open space, but many of these lands are under great development pressure. One tool that is currently being used to aid in the preservation of open space by landowners is conservation easements. The rate of land protection by state and local land trusts has tripled since the beginning of the decade, and the West is the fastest growing region for both the number of acres under conservation easements and number of land trusts according to the Land Trust Alliance. Given the increased demand for amenities provided by private agricultural lands and the increased use of conservation easements, it is interesting to note that there is a paucity of research related to landowners’ preferences regarding conservation easements. The specific research objective of this paper is to determine important factors affecting an agricultural landowners’ potential choice regarding the placement of a parcel of land under a conservation easement. Knowing these factors could be useful to communities, public organizations and land trusts trying to provide open space to meet a growing demand for this public good. Information to construct a survey was obtained through a series of focus groups held in Wyoming and Colorado. Results from these focus groups were then used to develop twelve versions of a stated choice survey instrument. The first part of the survey included questions about the landowner’s specific community. These Likert scale questions were to designed to elicit a measurement of the respondents’ “sense of place” regarding his or her community. The second part of the survey questioned participants about their land and their land’s attributes, including what the landowner felt his land was worth, types of production and non-production activities land was used for, the types of developmental pressures being felt by the landowner, and the kinds of amenities he would like to conserve on his property. The third section of the survey included questions about the landowner’s personal knowledge of easements and two stated choice questions regarding conservation easements. These stated choice questions focused on five attributes: contract length, managerial control, wildlife habitat, access and payment. The final section of the survey asked respondents about demographic characteristics. Data were analyzed as a multinomial logit random utility model in LIMDEP. Respondents preferred an easement that was in perpetuity over an easement that was term in length. Respondents were less likely to accept an easement if public access on their property was required. As payment proportion in relation to the respondents’ perception of the value of their land went up, so did the likelihood that they would accept the easement. Landowners in Colorado were more likely to accept an easement than landowners in Wyoming. This is somewhat expected as developmental pressures in Colorado are higher than Wyoming, and thus far more easements have been transacted in Colorado than in Wyoming. Years on the land and connection to community were significant in explaining the acceptance of an easement scenario. The more connected one was to their community, the more likely they were to accept an easement. The longer a respondent had lived on their land, the more likely they were to accept an easement as well. The level of education a respondent had achieved negatively impacted easement acceptance. If an easement was already in place on a respondents’ property, the likelihood of accepting an easement scenario increased significantly.
农业土地所有者通过保护地役权提供开放空间意愿的决定因素。除了私人土地所有者的利益外，开放空间还为社区的许多人提供了一系列的利益。公园和自然区域可用于娱乐;湿地和森林为排水和野生动物提供了栖息地;农场和森林为周围的居民提供了美观的好处。此外，未开发的土地可以缓解拥堵。农用地是开放空间的重要来源，但许多农用地面临着巨大的开发压力。目前地主用来帮助保护开放空间的一个工具是保护地役权。根据土地信托联盟的数据，自本世纪初以来，州和地方土地信托的土地保护率增加了两倍，西部是土地保护地役权和土地信托数量增长最快的地区。鉴于对私人农业用地提供的便利设施的需求增加和对保护地役权的使用增加，值得注意的是，关于土地所有者对保护地役权的偏好的研究很少。本文的具体研究目标是确定影响农业土地所有者在土地保护地役权下的潜在选择的重要因素。了解这些因素可能有助于社区、公共组织和土地信托试图提供开放空间，以满足日益增长的公共利益需求。构建调查的信息是通过在怀俄明州和科罗拉多州举行的一系列焦点小组获得的。从这些焦点小组的结果，然后被用来发展12个版本的陈述选择调查工具。调查的第一部分包括关于土地所有者所在社区的问题。这些李克特量表问题的设计是为了引出受访者对其所在社区的“地方感”的测量。的第二部分调查询问参与者对他们的土地和土地的属性,包括地主觉得他的土地价值,类型的土地用于生产和非生产活动,类型的发展压力感受的地主,设施的种类和他想保护他的财产。调查的第三部分包括关于土地所有者个人对地役权的认识的问题和两个关于保护地役权的陈述选择问题。这些陈述的选择问题集中在五个属性上:合同长度、管理控制、野生动物栖息地、进入和支付。调查的最后一部分询问了受访者有关人口特征的问题。数据分析作为多项logit随机实用新型在LIMDEP。被调查者更倾向于永久地役权而不是期限地役权。如果需要公众进入其物业，受访者较不可能接受地役权。由于支付比例与受访者对其土地价值的看法有关，他们接受地役权的可能性也随之上升。科罗拉多州的土地所有者比怀俄明州的土地所有者更有可能接受地役权。这在某种程度上是意料之中的，因为科罗拉多州的开发压力高于怀俄明州，因此在科罗拉多州交易的地役权远多于怀俄明州。在解释接受地役权方案时，土地上的年数和与社区的联系很重要。一个人与社区的联系越紧密，就越有可能接受地役权。被告在其土地上居住的时间越长，他们也越有可能接受地役权。受访者的受教育程度对解约接受有负面影响。如果被调查人的财产已享有地役权，则被调查人的财产已享有地役权
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