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英文文献：Tobacco Product Demand, Cigarette Taxes, and Market Substitution-烟草产品需求、卷烟税与市场替代
英文文献作者：Da Pra, Michelle,Arnade, Carlos Anthony
英文文献摘要：
This paper presents a model of estimated demand for four tobacco products: cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and smoking tobacco products. Own elasticities and cross-price elasticities are used to obtain insights into the effectiveness and implications of new policy measures. Of particular interest is whether substitution of various tobacco products varies by market outlet. Several variations of the tobacco product outlet-choice model were estimated using iterative SUR. Four separate product-specific models where also estimated and represent consumers’ choice of a retail market outlet to purchase a particular tobacco product. In contrast to the joint product-outlet choice model, the two stage budgeting model rests on the assumption that consumers first choose a tobacco product, and then choose where to purchase it. In addition to estimating overall demand for the four tobacco products, models are estimated for tobacco products from three specific outlets: grocery stores, drug stores, and convenience stores. The paper investigates whether the various outlets substitute or complement each other and briefly deals with the issue of the premium consumers pay when purchasing tobacco products at convenience stores.
本文提出了一种估计四种烟草产品需求的模型:卷烟、雪茄、咀嚼烟草和吸烟烟草产品。利用自身弹性和交叉价格弹性来洞察新政策措施的有效性和影响。特别值得注意的是，各种烟草产品的替代是否因市场出口而有所不同。利用迭代SUR估计了烟草产品出口选择模型的几个变量。四种单独的特定产品模型，也估计和代表消费者对零售市场网点购买特定烟草产品的选择。与联合的产品-店铺选择模型相比，两阶段预算模型建立在假设消费者首先选择烟草产品，然后选择购买地点的基础上。除了估计对四种烟草产品的总体需求外，还对来自三个特定销售点的烟草产品模型进行了估计:杂货店、药店和便利店。本文考察了各网点之间是否相互替代或互补，并简要探讨了消费者在便利店购买烟草产品时支付的溢价问题。
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