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英文文献：Geography and Economic Transition: Global Spatial Analysis at the Grid Cell Level-地理和经济转型:网格单元水平上的全球空间分析
英文文献作者：Motamed, Mesbah J.,Florax, Raymond J.G.M.,Masters, William J.
英文文献摘要：
This paper addresses the timing of historical transition from rural to urban activity. In our model, rural production has constant returns and meets subsistence needs, while urban production has scale economies and meets the demands of higher-income consumers. Urbanization occurs sooner when rural or urban productivity is higher or transport costs are lower. We test the model on worldwide data that divides the earth's surface at half-degree intervals into over 60,000 cells. From an independent estimate of each cell's rural and urban population history, we identify the date at which each cell achieves various thresholds of urbanization. Controlling for country fixed effects and neighbors' urbanization using spatial techniques, we find that the date at which each cell passes each urbanization threshold is positively associated with its suitability for cultivation, having seasonal frosts, more access to navigable waterways and lower elevation. Aggregating cells into countries, an earlier urbanization date is linked to higher per capita income today.
本文探讨了从农村活动到城市活动的历史过渡的时机。在我们的模式中，农村生产是固定收益的，满足温饱需求;城市生产是规模经济的，满足高收入消费者的需求。当农村或城市生产率较高或运输成本较低时，城市化就会发生得更快。我们用世界范围内的数据来测试这个模型，这些数据将地球表面以半度的间隔划分为6万个单元。通过对每个细胞的农村和城市人口历史的独立估计，我们确定了每个细胞达到不同的城市化阈值的日期。利用空间技术控制国家固定效应和邻居城市化，我们发现每个小区通过城市化阈值的日期与其种植的适宜性、季节性霜冻、更多可通航水道和较低海拔呈正相关。将细胞聚集到国家中，更早的城市化日期与更高的人均收入联系在一起。
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