20190119【充实计划】第956期

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《思想的力量：哲学导论》
307. 实用主义（pragmatism）：美国对哲学的特殊贡献。
实用主义中最显赫的人物就是几位经典实用主义者：C.S.皮尔士（C.S. Peirce, 1839-1914），威廉-詹姆士（William James, 1842-1910），约翰-杜威（John Dewey, 1859-1952）

实用主义者认为永恒不变的真理是不存在的。真理取决于时间、地点和意图，是随情况更新而不断改变的。

皮尔士是美国最杰出的逻辑学家之一，他认为实用主义是判定观念之意义的一个标准：“一个理智观念的意义取决于：倘若这个观点是真的，那么由它可以得出怎样的实际效果；观念的意义无非就是它的实际效果的总和。”“几乎所有关于本体论的形而上学命题都是无意义的，或者荒谬的。”

“最终注定会被所有的探究者一致承认的意见，就是我们所说的真理。”这一观念预示了当代实用主义者所探讨的主题。

308. 从历史角度而言，皮尔士固然可以被认为是美国实用主义的创始人，但对哲学路向作了最有力推动的是詹姆士。
詹姆士的作品，从思想史上来看，最明白易懂、引人入胜。“哲学的全部功能应当是对世界观作出考察：这个世界观或那个世界观为真，会对人生的特定层面造成何种明确的影响。”
要明白一个观念的意义或其中包含的真理，就得先评估它的有用性或实际作用。观念的意义、所包含的真理，取决于它的兑现价值，因为思想的用途原本就是：让我们同周遭环境建立起更为令人满意的联系。他认为：观念就是路径图，它能让我们从自身经验的这个部分引向另一个部分，在事物之间建立令人满意的联系，有把握地开展工作，简化工作程序。

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Blockchain：

<Blockchain Quick Reference ----A guide to exploring decentralized blockchain application development>
By Brenn Hill, Samanyu Chopra & Paul Valencourt
2018

1. Considering the frenzy around Blockchain and it's first killer app, Bitcoin, it is notable how few people actually understand not only what it is, but why it is.
At its core, it is a ledger—not necessarily sexy, so why all the fuss?
    Indeed this is what gave rise to Bitcoin—utilizing Blockchain to avoid the traditional model of a centralized bank to manage transactions between entities and reduce costs by removing the middleman.

    Really, any supply chain is impacted, whether it be money, livestock, precious gems, or classic cars. Both physical and virtual assets can take advantage of Blockchain as a way to ensure that you're getting what you are told you're getting. This certainly justifies the fuss.

The name belies the thoroughness of the book while emphasizing it's concise, clear-eyed approach.

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belie
*[bi'lai]
vt. 掩饰, 与...不符, 使失望
1 to give someone a false idea about something:
--Her pleasant manner belied her true character.//
2 to show that something cannot be true or real:  
  --His cheerful smile belied his words.//

clear-eyed  ['kliәr'aid]
adj.
视力好的, 目光明亮的, 头脑清晰的
Clear-eyed, we can understand that there will be war, and still strive for peace.
保持清醒的头脑，我们可以知道，战争将会爆发，但我们仍努力争取和平。

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Read Materials: Harvard Business Review USA 2015 -05 Strategy : Tesla’s not as disruptive as you might think
Reflection: disruptive innovation describes how firms that introduce rudimentary products can eventally overrun established players by systematically improving the products until they meet the needs of mainstream consumers, generally at lower prices.  Musk is outspoken about his goal : to create an affordable mass-market electric vehicle that will supplant gasoline-powered cars. Five questions had been posted to evaluate disruptive innovation.
        First, does the product either target overserved customers (by offering lower performance at a lower price ) or create a new market ( by targeting customers who could not use or afford the existing product)?
        Second, does it create asymmetric motivation meaning that while the disrupter is motivated to either higher performance segments over time, existing players are not motivated to fight it?
        Third, can it improve performance fast enough to keep pace with customer’s expectations while retaining its low cost structure?
        Fourth, does it create new value networks, including sales and channels?
        Fifth, does it disrupt al incumbents or can an existing player exploit this opportunity?
It is clear that Tesla is a classic sustaining innovation,  a product that offers incrementally better performance at a higher price.

This paper was issued on May,2015. Let us revisit this case and topic again. Whether tesla is a disruptive innovation. For question1,2 and 4, the output is still negative. The output of question 3 had been changed since the market environment had been changed. The sense of environmental protection is waking up gradually. However the bottleneck is the battery. How to handle the battery is still a question mark.

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