20190303【充实计划】第997期

充实每一天 发表于 2019-3-3 06:15
该主题为【学道会】活动，点击了解详情

【加入充实计划】【了解充实计划】

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《思想的力量：哲学导论》


431. 著名的俄罗斯无政府主义的共产主义者米哈伊尔-巴枯宁（Mikhail Bakunin, 1814-1876）和普林斯-彼得-克鲁泡特金（1842-1921）都强调个人内在故有的善，都认为法律和政府是特权阶级的工具，也是人类腐化堕落的真正根源（这俩人都是贵族）
“从按照既定财产的分配，到按需分配”这个口号就来自无政府主义的共产主义者。

432. 当代的道德哲学和政治哲学
道德规范是宇宙根本性质的一部分，正如几何学或数学功力中所表达的空间结构或数量体系。 ---W.D.罗斯
哈姆雷特：世上的事物本无所谓善或恶，善恶只是人们对它的想法。          -----威廉-莎士比亚

当代的伦理学理论始于G.E.摩尔（G.E. Moore， 1873-1958），他开启了新的思想路径，让伦理学的核心问题发生了改变。

433. 摩尔认为，伦理哲学家的任务就是为“善的本质的一般性探究”提供指导。他的观点：道德上正确的行动就是能够产生最大量的善的行动。
我们有希望获得的“善”的事物究竟有哪些：人的爱和审美享受。

434. 规范伦理学和元伦理学
简洁地说，道德判断（moral judgment)概念就是道德价值判断这个概念。陈述或暗示了什么是善或恶，正确或不正确。

作出道德判断，为道德判断做辩护或批判，这就是规范伦理学（normative ethics）的任务。
试图理解道德价值判断得来源、标准、意义、证明、正当性，这就是元伦理学（metaethics）的任务，它不做具体的道德判断。
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Blockchain：

Resiliency
Resiliency is the ability of a system to adapt and keep working in response to changes and challenges. Resiliency can only be discussed in the context of the types of events that a system is resilient towards. A system might be resilient to a few computers getting turned off but may not be resilient to nuclear war.
Resiliency can be broken down into different sub-categories:

• Fault tolerance: The ability of the system to deal with invalid states, bad data, and other problems
• Failure isolation: A problem in one part of the system does not infect other parts of the system. Bad data or system failure in one place does not result in problems elsewhere
• Scalability: A scalable system under heavy use is able to provide additional capacity and is thus resilient to load
• Complexity management: A system that has ways of managing complexity helps it be resilient against human errors
  

We will now discuss fault tolerance in more detail.

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sanity['sæniti]

noun
: the quality or state of being sane; especially : soundness or health of mind

n [U]
  1 the condition of being mentally healthy:  → insanity//    sane
//  --I began to doubt his sanity.//  --She wondered if she was losing her sanity .//
  2 when someone or something is being reasonable and sensible:    sane
//  --Sanity appears to be returning to the stock market.
//  regain/get back/recover your sanity
//  --I took a vacation to try to recover my sanity.//

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