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2009世界商品贸易年鉴.PDF
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I THE TRADE SITUATION IN 2008-09 ............................................................................................................... 1
A INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
B OVERVIEW OF TRADE AND PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENTS IN 2008-09 ...................................... 3
C MERCHANDISE TRADE, VOLUME (REAL) TERMS, 2008 ......................................................................... 5
D MERCHANDISE AND SERVICES TRADE, VALUE (NOMINAL) TERMS, 2008 ................................... 7
II TRADE POLICY COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCY MEASURES ............................................. 19
A INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 19
B FLEXIBILITY IN TRADE AGREEMENTS ........................................................................................................ 21
1. Economic theories of trade agreements and the role of flexibilities .......................................................... 21
2. Circumstances for suspension of commitments and flexibility measures
built into the WTO agreements .....................................................................................................................30
3. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................................39
C ECONOMICS, DISCIPLINES AND PRACTICES ........................................................................................... 47
1. Safeguards .......................................................................................................................................................... 47
2. Dumping and anti-dumping measures .......................................................................................................... 65
3. Subsidies and countervailing duties ...............................................................................................................84
4. Other selected measures of contingency protection ..................................................................................102
5. Choosing among different measures ............................................................................................................ 114
6. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................... 117
D EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ......................................................................................................................................127
1. Patterns and trends in the use of contingency measures ...........................................................................127
2. Contingency measures and the multilateral trading system ....................................................................142
3. Factors explaining the use of trade contingency measures .......................................................................147
4. The economic impact of contingency measures .........................................................................................152
5. Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................................156
E CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................................................159
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