发帖
雷达卡
英文文献：Pathways into and out of Poverty: A Study of Household Wealth Dynamics in Rural Kenya-进入和摆脱贫困的途径:肯尼亚农村家庭财富动态研究
英文文献作者：Muyanga, Milu,Jayne, Thomas S.,Burke, William J.
英文文献摘要：
For the past half-century, African governments and development agencies have experimented with a series of alternative approaches for addressing rural poverty, each giving way to a new paradigm as the persistence of poverty created disillusionment with prevailing approaches. These broad strategies included ‘growth and trickle down’ in the 1960s; basic human needs and state-led integrated rural development in the 1970s; structural adjustment and economic liberalization in the 1980s and 1990s; and, since 2000, a heterodox mix of donor budget support to empower government ownership in the design of participatory poverty reduction strategies, and resurgent interest in agricultural development. However, rural poverty in most of Sub-Saharan Africa appears to be declining only marginally. Yet some smallholder farm households have successfully climbed out of poverty, thus providing an opportunity to learn about the economic pathways that might enable other rural smallholders to do so. Conversely, some households that were once non-poor have now descended into poverty. If researchers and policy makers knew more about the factors associated with these dynamics, it might be possible to replicate these factors more broadly through poverty reduction strategies. The recent availability of longitudinal survey data provides a new means to analyze the dynamics of household asset accumulation and decumulation. This paper identifies the factors associated with smallholder farm households having ascended out of poverty or descended into poverty. Using a nationwide balanced panel of 1,256 farm households in 22 districts in Kenya interviewed in 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2007, we find that a relatively small fraction of the sample experienced either an appreciable improvement or decline in their relative asset wealth over this 10-year period. Over 70 percent of the sampled farm households are in roughly the same wealth position as they were 10 years earlier, although more households experienced an increase in asset wealth than a decline, which is consistent with Government of Kenya findings of declining national poverty rates over the same general period. For the 25 percent of households that did experience an appreciable change in asset wealth between 1997 and 2007, we revisited 84 of these households in 2008 with more detailed retrospective “life history” surveys to capture a wider range of factors influencing current household livelihoods. Households successfully accumulating assets and rising out of poverty (i) were more likely to have remained healthy and suffer no unexpected deaths during the decade prior to the start of the initial survey in 1997; (ii) were not adversely affected by mortality that did occur during the panel period; (iii) were consistently headed by a male; (iv) received relatively more land from their parents at the time the household was formed; and (v) parents who were relatively well-off and educated. Moreover, the ascenders were able to acquire more land, cultivate 70% more land, and increase their use of fertilizer over the 2000-07 period, consistent with the overall agricultural and economy-wide growth in Kenya that occurred during the 2004-2007 period. Among households reporting a significant decline in asset wealth, roughly half experienced unexpected shocks, such as premature death and chronic illness. These households reported spending 22% of their annual incomes and 47% of their assets on medicines and caregiving. Households with declining asset trajectories were also more likely to have turned from male to female headed due to male mortality, have two or more wives in the household, poorly educated household heads, fathers of household heads who were relatively uneducated, and relatively little land and other assets inherited from parents. Small inheritances among the “descenders” can be traced to a smaller amount of land per number of sons of the household head’s father. The descenders also tended to lose land and animal assets over the panel period (in some cases due to disease and need to pay for medical expenses) in sharp contrast to the ascenders. Perhaps surprisingly, the descenders were more likely to use fertilizer, had higher fertilizer application rates per acre cultivated, and were more likely to receive agricultural credit than the ascender households. Consistently better-off households were more likely to (i) have been male headed; (ii) have members with secondary and/or post-secondary educations; (iii) not be polygamous; (iv) received significantly more land and other assets at the time the household was formed. They were also less affected by mortality in the family. These consistently better-off households owned more land and applied more organic and inorganic fertilizer than either the ascenders or descenders. However, they were no more likely to receive agricultural credit or grow major cash crops than the descenders. These findings underscore the importance of staying healthy in households’ ability to produce agricultural surpluses, accumulate assets, and exit from poverty. Households’ agricultural performance and earnings over time is in many cases related to their lagged health status. The study also highlights the role of intergenerational wealth transfers. Poor households are able to transfer little to the next generation, which then makes it very difficult for them to climb out of poverty. Lastly, all three groups as well as the overall nationwide longitudinal sample of smallholder households reported a noteworthy increase in their usage of fertilizer over the 1997-2007 period of input market liberalization. The dramatic increase in fertilizer use during this period is correlated with an improvement in national maize yields and agricultural performance during the 2000-2007 period as well as a modest decline in rural poverty rates.
进入和摆脱贫困的途径:肯尼亚农村家庭财富动态研究。在过去半个世纪中，非洲各国政府和发展机构试验了一系列解决农村贫困问题的替代办法，每一种办法都为新的模式所取代，因为持续的贫困使人们对现行办法的幻想破灭。这些广泛的战略包括上世纪60年代的“增长和涓滴效应”;1970年代的基本人类需求和国家主导的农村综合发展;80年代和90年代的结构调整和经济自由化;此外，自2000年以来，一种非传统的捐助者预算支持，增强了政府在设计参与性减贫战略方面的自主权，并重新燃起了人们对农业发展的兴趣。但是，撒哈拉以南非洲大部分地区的农村贫困似乎只是略有减少。然而，一些小农家庭已经成功地摆脱了贫困，从而提供了一个了解经济途径的机会，这可能使其他农村小农也能这样做。相反，一些曾经不贫穷的家庭现在已经陷入贫困。如果研究人员和政策制定者更多地了解与这些动态相关的因素，就有可能通过减贫战略更广泛地复制这些因素。最近的纵向调查数据提供了一个新的方法来分析家庭资产积累和消耗的动态。本文确定了小农家庭脱贫或陷入贫困的相关因素。我们在1997年、2000年、2004年和2007年对肯尼亚22个地区的1256个农户进行了全国范围的调查，发现在这10年期间，样本中相对较小的一部分人的相对资产财富要么出现了明显的改善，要么出现了下降。超过70%的抽样农户在大致相同的财富地位他们10年前,虽然家庭经历了资产财富的增加比下降,这是符合肯尼亚政府发现贫困率下降的国家在同一时期。在1997年至2007年间，25%的家庭确实经历了资产财富的显著变化，在2008年，我们对其中84个家庭进行了更详细的“生活史”追溯调查，以获取更广泛的影响当前家庭生活的因素。成功积累资产和摆脱贫困的家庭(一)在1997年开始进行初步调查之前的十年中更有可能保持健康，没有意外死亡;(二)没有受到小组期间确实发生的死亡率的不利影响;一贯由一名男性领导;在组建家庭时，从父母那里得到较多的土地;(五)家境富裕、受过良好教育的父母。此外，2000-07年期间，增肥者获得了更多土地，耕种了70%以上的土地，并增加了化肥的使用，这与2004-2007年期间肯尼亚农业和经济的整体增长相一致。在报告资产财富大幅缩水的家庭中，约有一半经历了意料之外的冲击，比如早逝和慢性病。这些家庭报告称，将其年收入的22%和资产的47%用于药品和护理。家庭资产下降轨迹也更可能从男女领导由于男性死亡率,家庭有两个或两个以上的妻子,没怎么受过教育的家庭,家庭的父亲正面相对未受教育的人,和相对较少的土地和其他财产继承自父母。“下伸者”之间的小遗传可以追溯到每个数字中较小的土地数量
京公网安备 11010802022788号
