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英文文献：Selective vs. Broad-Spectrum Pesticides: When Do Private Decisions Differ from Socially Optimal Decisions?-选择性杀虫剂与广谱杀虫剂:私人决策与社会最佳决策有何不同?本文研究了传统和有机害虫控制方法的空间外部性，以确定这两种类型是否以及如何相互影响
英文文献作者：Grogan, Kelly A.,Goodhue, Rachael E.
英文文献摘要：
This paper examines the spatial externalities of conventional and organic pest control methods to determine if, and how, the two types affect each other. These interactions make the problem more complicated than the usual analysis of a single externality. The numerical simulation model includes one organically managed and one conventionally managed field. One pest and one predator of the pest move between the two fields over five seasons. In each season, the conventional grower has the option of applying a broad-spectrum pesticide that kills the predator a selective pesticide that has no adverse effects on the predator but is either more expensive or less effective than the broad-spectrum pesticide. The organic grower can apply an organic pesticide, augment the predator population, or both. The simulation model identifies the socially optimal pest control decisions and the Nash equilibrium decisions of both growers over the five growing seasons. The relative price and efficacy of the selective pesticide, the type of predator, and the type of pest introduction all influence whether or not either or both growers make inefficient decisions. Under certain conditions, regional pest management, equivalent to coordination of pest control across growers, could increase total regional profits.
这些交互作用使得问题比通常对单个外部性的分析更加复杂。数值模拟模型包括有机管理和常规管理两个领域。一种害虫和一种害虫的捕食者在五个季节里在两块田地之间移动。在每个季节，传统种植者都可以选择使用一种能杀死捕食者的广谱杀虫剂一种选择性的杀虫剂对捕食者没有副作用但是比广谱杀虫剂更贵或者更低效。有机种植者可以使用有机杀虫剂，增加捕食者的数量，或者两者兼而有之。该模拟模型确定了社会最优害虫控制决策和两个种植者在五个生长季节的纳什均衡决策。选择性杀虫剂的相对价格和功效、捕食者的类型和引入的害虫类型都会影响种植者或种植者是否做出无效的决策。在一定条件下，区域害虫管理，相当于在种植者之间协调害虫控制，可以增加区域的总利润。
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