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英文文献：The New Production of Young Scientists (PhDs) A Labour Market Analysis in International Perspective-年轻科学家(博士)的新产出:国际视野下的劳动力市场分析
英文文献作者：Caroline Lanciano-morandat,Hiroatsu Nohara
英文文献摘要：
The aim of this paper is twofold: firstly to highlight how the current “hybridisation” of the academic and industrial rationales exerts its influence over the new production of young scientists; secondly to compare, between five OECD countries (USA, France, Great Britain, Japan and Germany), the ways that PhDs and doctoral students are socialised within a specific - societal - set of institutional arrangements. The production of PhDs brings into play a multiplicity of institutions at various national or local levels and mobilises the various resources available to them. The interaction between them requires the actors to adopt a variety of different behaviours based on a diversity of animating principles. Thus in order to reveal the various - societal - modes of the construction of new scientific knowledge and competence, we are led to analyse simultaneously the socialisation of young scientists and the various institutional configurations. To this end, we attempt to analyse some of the essential elements that structure this process, such as the funding system, the nature of the contract between doctoral students and their supervising institutions, the rules governing the academic community, training-job transition, career paths etc.
本文的目的有两方面:一是突出当前学术理论与产业理论的“杂交”对青年科学家新生产的影响;其次，比较五个经合组织国家(美国、法国、英国、日本和德国)博士和博士生在一套特定的社会制度安排下的社交方式。博士的培养使国家或地方各级的各种机构发挥作用，并调动了各种可用资源。它们之间的互动需要演员根据不同的动画原理采取不同的行为。因此，为了揭示构建新的科学知识和能力的各种社会模式，我们被引导同时分析年轻科学家的社会化和各种制度配置。为此，我们试图分析构成这一过程的一些基本因素，如资助制度、博士生与科研机构之间的合同性质、学术界的管理规则、培养工作转换、职业发展路径等。
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