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英文文献：Local Food Systems, Ethnic Entrepreneurs, and Social Networks-当地的食物系统，民族企业家和社会网络
英文文献作者：Hightower, Lisa S.,Brennan, Mark A.
英文文献摘要：
African immigrants in the United States (U.S.) experience immense challenges in the form of poverty, unemployment, and underemployment. Limited English language proficiency often restricts African immigrants to low-paying, unskilled positions. Ethnic entrepreneurship in the form of small-scale farming provides some African immigrants with an alternative to mainstream employment. Key to the success of many African immigrants is participation in beginning farmer programs. These programs operate as social networks, connecting immigrant farmers to training, farming resources, and members of the local community who provide access to additional resources and markets. Drawing from social capital theory, this mixed methods study investigates economic outcomes and social capital development within immigrant farmer programs. Immigrant farmer programs are analyzed as social networks that connect immigrants to technical training, farming resources, and community members who can provide access to markets. Data were collected through a survey of 112 agricultural educators working with immigrant farming programs across the United States. Data were also collected through case studies of programs in Ohio and Virginia. Bivariate correlation tests found the following agricultural training topics were significantly associated with economic outcomes, specifically training on farm equipment use, organic certification, and pest management. Ten marketing training topics were associated with economic outcomes, including business management, identifying markets, and introduction to direct markets. Social network ties were also associated with economic outcomes. These relationships were with the following organizations: farmers markets, community-supported organizations, the Extension Service, local farm supply stores, restaurants, and the Farm Bureau. Multiple regression tests found that 24.8% of the variance in economic outcomes could be accounted for by social network development, market training, and agricultural training.
在美国的非洲移民在贫困、失业和就业不足等方面经历了巨大的挑战。由于英语能力有限，非洲移民往往只能从事低薪、无技能的工作。小规模农业形式的种族企业家为一些非洲移民提供了主流就业以外的另一种选择。许多非洲移民成功的关键是参与开始的农民计划。这些项目以社交网络的形式运作，将移民农民与培训、农业资源以及提供额外资源和市场的当地社区成员联系起来。基于社会资本理论，这一混合方法研究了移民农民计划中的经济结果和社会资本发展。移民农民项目被视为社会网络，将移民与技术培训、农业资源以及能够提供市场准入的社区成员联系起来。数据是通过对112名从事美国移民农业项目的农业教育者的调查收集的。数据也通过俄亥俄州和弗吉尼亚州项目的案例研究收集。双变量相关检验发现下列农业培训主题与经济成果显著相关，特别是关于农用设备使用、有机认证和虫害管理的培训。10个市场营销培训主题与经济成果相关，包括商业管理、市场识别和直接市场介绍。社会网络关系也与经济结果相关。这些关系是与以下组织:农贸市场、社区支持组织、推广服务、当地农场供应商店、餐馆和农业局。多元回归检验发现，社会网络开发、市场培训和农业培训可以解释经济结果中24.8%的方差。
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