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2.1. Valuation Based on the Present Value of Future Cash Flows 85
2.2. Streams of Expected Cash Flows 87
3. The Dividend Discount Model 93
3.1. The Expression for a Single Holding Period 93
3.2. The Expression for Multiple Holding Periods 94
4. The Gordon Growth Model 97
4.1. The Gordon Growth Model Equation 97
4.2. The Links among Dividend Growth, Earnings Growth, and Value
Appreciation in the Gordon Growth Model 104
4.3. Share Repurchases 104
4.4. The Implied Dividend Growth Rate 105
4.5. The Present Value of Growth Opportunities 106
4.6. Gordon Growth Model and the Price-to-Earnings Ratio 109
4.7. Estimating a Required Return Using the Gordon Growth Model 111
4.8. The Gordon Growth Model: Concluding Remarks 111
5. Multistage Dividend Discount Models 112
5.1. Two-Stage Dividend Discount Model 113
5.2. Valuing a Non-Dividend-Paying Company 116
5.3. The H-Model 117
5.4. Three-Stage Dividend Discount Models 119
5.5. Spreadsheet (General) Modeling 123
5.6. Estimating a Required Return Using Any DDM 125
5.7. Multistage DDM: Concluding Remarks 127
6. The Financial Determinants of Growth Rates 127
6.1. Sustainable Growth Rate 128
6.2. Dividend Growth Rate, Retention Rate, and ROE Analysis 129
6.3. Financial Models and Dividends 132
7. Summary 134
Problems 137
CHAPTER 4
Free Cash Flow Valuation 145
Learning Outcomes 145
1. Introduction to Free Cash Flows 146
2. FCFF and FCFE Valuation Approaches 146
2.1. Defi ning Free Cash Flow 147
2.2. Present Value of Free Cash Flow 148
2.2.1. Present Value of FCFF 148
2.2.2. Present Value of FCFE 149
2.3. Single-Stage (Constant-Growth) FCFF and FCFE Models 149
2.3.1. Constant-Growth FCFF Valuation Model 149
2.3.2. Constant-Growth FCFE Valuation Model 150
3. Forecasting Free Cash Flow 151
3.1. Computing FCFF from Net Income 151
3.2. Computing FCFF from the Statement of Cash Flows 155
3.3. Noncash Charges 157
3.4. Computing FCFE from FCF
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