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英文文献：On the Marshall - Jacobs Controversy It takes two to tango-在马歇尔-雅各布斯(Marshall - Jacobs)的争议中，一个巴掌拍不响
英文文献作者：Gerben van der Panne,Cees van Beers
英文文献摘要：
The literature is inconclusive as to whether Marshallian specialization or Jacobian diversification externalities favour regional innovativeness. The specialization argument poses that regional specialization towards a particular industry improves innovativeness in that industry. Regional specialization allows for knowledge to spill over among similar firms. By contrast, the diversification thesis asserts that knowledge spills over between firms in different industries, causing diversified production structures to be more innovative. Building on an original database, we address this controversy for the Netherlands. We thereby advance on the literature by providing a two-level approach, at the region’s and the firm’s level. At the regional level, we compare specialized with diversified regions on numbers of accommodated innovators. At the firm level, we establish causalities between externalities and degree of innovativeness. The results suggest Marshallian externalities: specialized regions accommodate increased numbers of innovating firms and, consistently, incumbent firms’ innovativeness increase with regional specialization. Once the product has been launched, innovators in diversified Jacobian regions prove more successful in commercial terms than innovators in specialized Marshallian regions.
文献对于马绍尔的专业化或雅可比多元化外部性是否有利于区域创新没有结论性。专业化理论认为，对特定行业的区域专业化提高了该行业的创新能力。区域专业化允许知识在相似的公司之间溢出。相反，多元化理论认为，知识在不同行业的企业之间溢出，导致多元化的生产结构更具创新性。在原始数据库的基础上，我们为荷兰解决这一争议。因此，我们通过提供两个层次的方法，在地区和公司的层次上推进了文献。在区域层面，我们将专业化与多样化区域在容纳创新者数量上进行比较。在企业层面，我们建立了外部性和创新程度之间的因果关系。研究结果显示，马绍尔的外部性表现为:专业区域容纳创新企业的数量增加，而在职企业的创新能力始终随着区域专业化而增加。产品一经推出，在商业上，雅各布里亚多元化地区的创新者要比马扎里亚专业化地区的创新者更成功。
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