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雷达卡
计量专业必修用书
J.J.Graafland
Economics, ethics and the market: Introduction and applications
2006
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PART I
Markets and economics 29
2 The theory of perfect markets 31
2.1 Pareto optimality, welfare theory and perfect competition 32
2.2 Conditions for perfect competition 35
2.3 Market imperfections 37
2.4 The role of the government 43
2.5 Corporate social responsibility and the reputation
mechanism 47
2.6 An alternative paradigm: Marxian economics 51
3 Rationality 60
3.1 Conditions for rationality 61
3.2 Bounded rationality 65
3.3 Commitments and procedural rationality 75
3.4 The role of the government 82
4 Self-interest and social preferences 84
4.1 Consumerism 86
4.2 Adam Smith on sympathy 87
4.3 Altruism, reciprocity, fairness and commitment to common
goals 96
4.4 Social preferences and economic efficiency 101
5 Status goods, non-satiation and happiness 108
5.1 Preference drifts from social interaction 110
5.2 Habit formation and interaction between capacity and needs 117
5.3 Does welfare make us happier? 120
5.4 Conclusion 128
6 Economics as an inexact science 131
6.1 Methodological individualism 132
6.2 The hypothetico-deductive approach 133
6.3 Inexactness of the hypothetico-deductive approach 135
6.4 Deductive versus inductive method 143
6.5 Economics as a cultural science 144
PART II
Markets and ethics 147
7 Utilitarianism and welfare theory 149
7.1 Characteristics of utilitarianism 150
7.2 Pareto optimality and cost–benefit analysis 155
7.3 Problems with utilitarianism 159
7.4 Adaptations of utilitarianism 168
7.5 Conclusion 171
8 The ethics of duties and rights 173
8.1 Consequential and deontological ethical theories 173
8.2 Ethics of duty: Immanuel Kant 175
8.3 Rights ethics: the libertarian view 181
8.4 Real freedom and positive rights 188
9 The ethics of justice 194
9.1 The concept of justice 195
9.2 The theory of justice of Rawls 197
9.3 The entitlement theory of Nozick 208
9.4 Distributive justice: an overview of criteria 216
9.5 Justice and private property rights 222
x Contents
10 Virtue ethics and care ethics 225
10.1 The virtue ethics of Aristotle 226
10.2 The virtue ethics of Adam Smith 234
10.3 The ethics of care 240
10.4 The impact of virtues on market operation 242
10.5 The impact of market operation on virtues 244
11 Overview 253
11.1 Liberalism 254
11.2 Communitarianism 257
11.3 Applying different ethical theories: a framework 262
PART III
Applications 269
12 Towards more labor market participation by parents? 271
12.1 Division of work between spouses: four stylized models 272
12.2 Utilitarian evaluation: externalities and bounded rationality 273
12.3 Rights, justice, virtues and care 277
12.4 Overview and evaluation 280
13 Reforms of the pension system and solidarity 285
13.1 The concept of solidarity: justice or community? 287
13.2 How pension reforms impinge on solidarity 288
13.3 State pensions and justice: an evaluation 293
13.4 Conclusion 301
14 Cosmetic surgery, utility and freedom 304
14.1 Cosmetic surgery, market imperfections and utility 305
14.2 Freedom and the beauty ideal 309
14.3 The practice of cosmetic surgeons and virtues 312
14.4 Conclusion 316
15 More economic freedom, less collective rest? 318
15.1 Christian ethics, liberalism and communitarianism 319
15.2 The Christian view on collective rest 322
15.3 The liberal view 325
15.4 Conclusion 327
Contents xi
16 Does ICT foster well-being? 330
16.1 Utilitarian evaluation: market imperfections and bounded
rationality 330
16.2 Rights and justice 334
16.3 Community and ICT 337
16.4 Overview 343
17 Ethical questions about globalization 346
17.1 Persistence of market imperfections 348
17.2 Justice 352
17.3 Human rights 358
17.4 Solidarity and cultural diversity 361
17.5 Conclusion 363
18 World poverty and the duty to aid 365
18.1 Development aid and economic growth 366
18.2 A moral duty to development aid? 369
18.3 Complications 376
18.4 Conclusion 377
19 Toward an economics of enough? 380
19.1 Structural problems 380
19.2 Economic growth as a rule of thumb 382
19.3 Criticism of neoclassical economics 383
19.4 Toward an economics of enough 385
19.5 Evaluation 387
20 Conclusion 392
Notes 396
References 410
Index
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