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英文文献：A Transaction cost Perspective on the Influence of Standards on Product Development Examples from the Fruit and Vegetable Market-交易成本视角下的标准对产品开发的影响例子从水果和蔬菜市场
英文文献作者：Kirsten Foss
英文文献摘要：
In this paper I argue that quality standards, products standards, and quality classes influence the priority that firms give to different product developments. These standards may be viewed as institutions in the sense of shared rules of behavior or codes. They have become shared because there are increasing returns to their use. These increasing returns apply both to their functions as means of reducing the costs of specifying and communicating product quality and to their functions as means of reducing buyers' costs of comparing the quality of different products - both of which are part of transaction costs. When reliable and extensively used standards exist, transaction costs are reduced. But these positive consequences to individual firms of adhering to the same standards create a sort of inertia in product development. This is because developments which are in line with existing standards will not introduce new transaction costs, while developments which break with the conformity of the standards will. In order for the latter kinds of product developments to be profitable, both development costs and transaction costs have to be overcome.
本文认为，质量标准、产品标准和质量等级影响企业对不同产品开发的优先级。这些标准可以被看作是共同的行为规则或准则意义上的制度。它们之所以被共享，是因为使用它们的回报越来越高。这些不断增加的回报既适用于它们作为降低指定和交流产品质量成本的手段，也适用于它们作为降低买方比较不同产品质量成本的手段——两者都是交易成本的一部分。当存在可靠和广泛使用的标准时，交易成本就会降低。但是这些积极的结果对于那些遵循相同标准的公司来说在产品开发中产生了一种惰性。这是因为符合现有标准的发展不会带来新的交易费用，而不符合标准的发展则会带来新的交易费用。要使后一种产品的开发有利可图，就必须克服开发成本和交易成本两方面的问题。
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