This book concerns the use of concepts from statistical physics in the description of financial systems. Specifically, the authors illustrate the scaling concepts used in probability theory, in critical phenomena, and in fully developed turbulent fluids. These concepts are then applied to financial time series to gain new insights into the behavior of financial markets. The authors also present a new stochastic model that displays several of the statistical properties observed in empirical data. Usually in the study of economic systems it is possible to investigate the system at different scales. But it is often impossible to write down the 'microscopic' equation for all the economic entities interacting within a given system. Statistical physics concepts such as stochastic dynamics, short- and long-range correlations, self-similarity and scaling permit an understanding of the global behavior of economic systems without first having to work out a detailed microscopic description of the same system. This book will be of interest both to physicists and to economists. Physicists will find the application of statistical physics concepts to economic systems interesting and challenging, as economic systems are among the most intriguing and fascinating complex systems that might be investigated. Economists and workers in the financial world will find useful the presentation of empirical analysis methods and wellformulated theoretical tools that might help describe systems composed of a huge number of interacting subsystems. This book is intended for students and researchers studying economics or physics at a graduate level and for professionals in the field of finance. Undergraduate students possessing some familarity with probability theory or statistical physics should also be able to learn from the book. DR ROSARIO N. MANTEGNA is interested in the empirical and theoretical modeling of complex systems. Since 1989, a major focus of his research has been studying financial systems using methods of statistical physics. In particular, he has originated the theoretical model of the truncated Levy flight and discovered that this process describes several of the statistical properties of the Standard and Poor's 500 stock index. He has also applied concepts of ultrametric spaces and cross-correlations to the modeling of financial markets. Dr Mantegna is a Professor of Physics at the University of Palermo. DR H. EUGENE STANLEY has served for 30 years on the physics faculties of MIT and Boston University. He is the author of the 1971 monograph Introduction to Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena (Oxford University Press, 1971). This book brought to a. much wider audience the key ideas of scale invariance that have proved so useful in various fields of scientific endeavor. Recently, Dr Stanley and his collaborators have been exploring the degree to which scaling concepts give insight into economics and various problems of relevance to biology and medicine.
It Doesn't Matter Submitted by Tyler Durden on 11/06/2012 21:22 -0500 ABC News Congressional Budget Office ETC FBI Finland Germany Gross Domestic Product Hong Kong Medicare National Debt NBC Tax Revenue Wall Street Journal Via Simon Black of Sovereign Man blog , It’s really hard to ignore what’s happening today; the election phenomenon is global. Over the last several weeks, I’ve traveled to so many countries, and EVERYWHERE it seems, the US presidential election is big news. Even when I was in Myanmar ten days ago, local pundits were engaged in the Obamney debate. Chile. Spain. Germany. Finland. Hong Kong. Thailand. Singapore. It was inescapable. The entire world seems fixated on this belief that it actually matters who becomes the President of the United States anymore… or that one of these two guys is going to ‘fix’ things. Fact is, it doesn’t matter. Not one bit. And I’ll show you mathematically: 1) When the US federal government spends money, expenses are officially categorized in three different ways. Discretionary spending includes nearly everything we think of related to government– the US military, Air Force One, the Department of Homeland Security, TSA agents who sexually assault passengers, etc. Mandatory spending includes entitlements like Medicare, Social Security, VA benefits, etc. which are REQUIRED by law to be paid. The final category is interest on the debt. It is non-negotiable. Mandatory spending and debt interest go out the door automatically. It’s like having your mortgage payment autodrafted from your bank account– Congress doesn’t even see the money, it’s automatically deducted. 2) With the rise of baby boomer entitlements and steady increase in overall debt levels, mandatory spending and interest payments have exploded in recent years. In fact, the Congressional Budget Office predicted in 2010 that the US government’s TOTAL revenue would be exceeded by mandatory spending and interest expense within 15-years. That’s a scary thought. Except it happened the very next year. 3) In Fiscal Year 2011, the federal government collected $2.303 trillion in tax revenue. Interest on the debt that year totaled $454.4 billion, and mandatory spending totaled $2,025 billion. In sum, mandatory spending plus debt interest totaled $2.479 trillion… exceeding total revenue by $176.4 billion. For Fiscal Year 2012 which just ended 37 days ago, that shortfall increased 43% to $251.8 billion. In other words, they could cut the entirety of the Federal Government’s discretionary budget – no more military, SEC, FBI, EPA, TSA, DHS, IRS, etc.– and they would still be in the hole by a quarter of a trillion dollars. 4) Raising taxes won’t help. Since the end of World War II, tax receipts in the US have averaged 17.7% of GDP in a very tight range. The low has been 14.4% of GDP, and the high has been 20.6% of GDP. During that period, however, tax rates have been all over the board. Individual rates have ranged from 10% to 91%. Corporate rates from 15% to 53%. Gift taxes, estate taxes, etc. have all varied. And yet, total tax revenue has stayed nearly constant at 17.7% of GDP. It doesn’t matter how much they increase tax rates – they won’t collect any more money. 5) GDP growth prospects are tepid at best. Facing so many headwinds like quickening inflation, an enormous debt load, and debilitating regulatory burdens, the US economy is barely keeping pace with population growth. 6) The only thing registering any meaningful growth in the US is the national debt. It took over 200 years for the US government to accumulate its first trillion dollars in debt. It took just 286 days to accumulate the most recent trillion (from $15 trillion to $16 trillion). Last month alone, the first full month of Fiscal Year 2013, the US government accumulated nearly $200 billion in new debt– 20% of the way to a fresh trillion in just 31 days. 7) Not to mention, the numbers will only continue to get worse. 10,000 people each day begin receiving mandatory entitlements. Fewer people remain behind to pay into the system. The debt keeps rising, and interest payments will continue rising. 8) Curiously, a series of polls taken by ABC News/Washington Post and NBC News/Wall Street Journal show that while 80% of Americans are concerned about the debt, roughly the same amount (78%) oppose cutbacks to mandatory entitlements like Medicare. 9) Bottom line, the US government is legally bound to spend more money on mandatory entitlements and interest than it can raise in tax revenue. It won’t make a difference how high they raise taxes, or even if they cut everything else that remains in government as we know it. This is not a political problem, it’s a mathematical one. Facts are facts, no matter how uncomfortable they may be. Today’s election is merely a choice of who is going to captain the sinking Titanic. Average: 4.413795 Your rating: None Average: 4.4 ( 29 votes) Tweet Login or register to post comments 17511 reads Printer-friendly version Send to friend Similar Articles You Might Enjoy: Why A Balanced Budget Is Impossible In America Chart Of The Day: Entitlements Or Growth Taxes Vs Debt: Where Does US Funding Come From - Chart Of The Day Guest Post: Americans Want Smaller Government And Lower Taxes Spot The Unsustainable Entitlement
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