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分享 Python Interview Question and Answers
Nicolle 2014-8-12 01:26
Python Interview Question and Answers For the last few weeks I have been interviewing several people for Python/Django developers so I thought that it might be helpful to show the questions I am asking together with the answers. The reason is … OK, let me tell you a story first. I remember when one of my university professors introduced to us his professor – the one who thought him. It was a really short visit but I still remember one if the things he said. “Ignorance is not bad, the bad thing is when you do no want to learn.” So back to the reason – if you have at least taken care to prepare for the interview, look for a standard questions and their answers and learn them this is a good start. Answering these question may not get you the job you are applying for but learning them will give you some valuable knowledge about Python. This post will include the questions that are Python specific and I’ll post the Django question separately. How are arguments passed – by reference of by value? The short answer is “neither”, actually it is called “call by object” or “call by sharing”(you can check here for more info). The longer one starts with the fact that this terminology is probably not the best one to describe how Python works. In Python everything is an object and all variables hold references to objects. The values of these references are to the functions. As result you can not change the value of the reference but you can modify the object if it is mutable. Remember numbers, strings and tuples are immutable, list and dicts are mutable. Do you know what list and dict comprehensions are? Can you give an example? List/Dict comprehensions are syntax constructions to ease the creation of a list/dict based on existing iterable. According to the 3rd edition of “Learning Python” list comprehensions are generally faster than normal loops but this is something that may change between releases. Examples:# simple iterationa = # list comprehensiona = # dict comprehensiona = {x: x*2 for x in range(10)}# a == {0: 0, 1: 2, 2: 4, 3: 6, 4: 8, 5: 10, 6: 12, 7: 14, 8: 16, 9: 18} What is PEP 8? PEP 8 is a coding convention(a set of recommendations) how to write your Python code in order to make it more readable and useful for those after you. For more information check PEP 8 . Do you use virtual environments? I personally and most(by my observation) of the Python developers find the virtual environment tool extremely useful. Yeah, probably you can live without it but this will make the work and support of multiple projects that requires different package versions a living hell. Can you sum all of the elements in the list, how about to multuply them and get the result? # the basic ways = 0for x in range(10): s += x# the right ways = sum(range(10))# the basic ways = 1for x in range(1, 10): s = s * x# the other wayfrom operator import mulreduce(mul, range(1, 10)) As for the last example, I know Guido van Rossum is not a fan of reduce, more info here , but still for some simple tasks reduce can come quite handy. Do you know what is the difference between lists and tuples? Can you give me an example for their usage? First list are mutable while tuples are not, and second tuples can be hashed e.g. to be used as keys for dictionaries. As an example of their usage, tuples are used when the order of the elements in the sequence matters e.g. a geographic coordinates, “list” of points in a path or route, or set of actions that should be executed in specific order. Don’t forget that you can use them a dictionary keys. For everything else use lists. Do you know the difference between range and xrange? Range returns a list while xrange returns a generator xrange object which takes the same memory no matter of the range size. In the first case you have all items already generated(this can take a lot of time and memory) while in the second you get the elements one by one e.g. only one element is generated and available per iteration. Simple example of generator usage can be find in the problem 2 of the “homework” for my presentation Functions in Python Tell me a few differences between Python 2.x and 3.x There are many answers here but for me some of the major changes in Python 3.x are: all strings are now Unicode, print is now function not a statement. There is no range, it has been replaced by xrange which is removed. All classes are new style and the division of integers now returns float. What are decorators and what is their usage? According to Bruce Eckel’s Introduction to Python Decorators “Decorators allow you to inject or modify code in functions or classes”. In other words decorators allow you to wrap a function or class method call and execute some code before or after the execution of the original code. And also you can nest them e.g. to use more than one decorator for a specific function. Usage examples include – logging the calls to specific method, checking for permission(s), checking and/or modifying the arguments passed to the method etc. The with statement and its usage. In a few words the with statement allows you to executed code before and/or after a specific set of operations. For example if you open a file for reading and parsing no matter what happens during the parsing you want to be sure that at the end the file is closed. This is normally achieved using the try… finally construction but the with statement simplifies it usin the so called “context management protocol”. To use it with your own objects you just have to define __enter__ and __exit__ methods. Some standard objects like the file object automatically support this protocol. For more information you may check Understanding Python’s “with” statement . Well I hope this will be helpful, if you have any question or suggestion feel free to comment. Update : Due to the lots of comments on Reddit and LinkedIn, I understood that there is some misunderstanding about the post. First, the questions I have published are not the only ones I ask, the interview also includes such related to general programming knowledge and logical thinking. Second the questions above help me get a basic understanding of your Python knowledge but they are not the only think that makes my decision. Not answering some of them does not mean that you won’t get the job, but it may show me on which parts we should to work. 总结了10道题的考试侧重点,供参考: 1.How are arguments passed – by reference of by value? 考的是语法,基本功,虽说python程序员可以不用关心堆栈指针那些头疼的东东,但传引用和传值的区别还是必需清楚的。个人感觉从python中一切都是对象的角度看,第一题问传值还是传引用其实是考官有意看面试者是不是概念清楚,真正希望考生回答的是哪些对象传递到函数中是只读的或者说不可变的。 2.Do you know what list and dict comprehensions are? Can you give an example? 典型的pythonic用法 3.What is PEP 8? 是不是有良好的编码习惯 4.Do you use virtual environments? 是不是有独立配开发环境的能力 5.Can you sum all of the elements in the list, how about to multuply them and get the result? 期待你用pythonic方式解决 6.Do you know what is the difference between lists and tuples? Can you give me an example for their usage? python中两种最基本常用的数据结构 7.Do you know the difference between range and xrange? 期待你清楚generator及其是如何使用内存的,generator用法还是典型的pythonic 8.Tell me a few differences between Python 2.x and 3.x 希望你对新老产品都有所关注 9.What are decorators and what is their usage? 典型的pythonic用法 10.The with statement and its usage. 典型的pythonic语法 参考链接 http://ilian.i-n-i.org/python-interview-question-and-answers/ http://www.**.com/group/topic/38792398/
个人分类: Python|12 次阅读|0 个评论
分享 7种方法帮你找到人生真谛!
葛丛 2014-8-1 10:00
7种方法帮你找到人生真谛! 1.Be selfish You can’t pinpoint exactly what you want in life if you’re constantly sacrificing your time and dreams for other people. You have to put yourself first. Ask yourself: If you weren’t tied down by your job, family, friends, or anything else, then what would you be doing right now? Always remember that it’s okay to put yourself first, because if you don’t, then no one else will. 自私点 如果你一直是为了别人而牺牲你自己的时间和梦想,那你就不能精确地定位你到底想在生活中得到什么。首先,你得把你自己放在第一位。问问自己:如果你没有被你的职业、家庭、朋友或是其他的事所束缚,那么你现在将在做什么呢?永远要记得这一点,你可以先考虑你自己,因为如果你不这样,那么也不会有其他人把你放在第一位了。 2.Regret nothing Don’t feel bad for being selfish. It’s your life. It’s time for you to live it exactly the way you want to. If you constantly regret things you did or didn’t do in the past, then you won’t be able to move forward. Don’t live in the past. Live in the present...and the future! 别后悔 不要因为自己自私就感到不安,这是你自己的人生。现在就是大好的时光让你去以你希望的方式去生活。如果你总是后悔你以前所做过或没有做过的事情的话,那么你就不能向前进了。不要活在过去;反之,要活在现在,活在将来! 3.Figure out what you need Sometimes it’s hard to figure out what you need. Sit down and think about what you need the most. Is it your family? The freedom to express yourself? Love? Financial security? Something else? If it helps, you can make a list of priorities. Also think about the kind of legacy you want to leave behind. 想想你需要什么 有的时候,去想出你所需要的东西也不是一件容易事儿。坐下来,想想你最需要什么。你的家庭?自由地表达你自己?爱情?经济保障?还是其他的东西?如果它确实有帮助,你可以列一个优先考虑的清单。同样的,你也要想想你想去留下的遗产。 4.Determine what really bothers you You can soar only by pushing back against something you don’t want. Figure out what upsets you, and be specific about it. Don’t just say that you hate your office job. Pinpoint exactly why you hate it. Could it be your micromanaging boss? Your workload? Your meaningless job title? Or all of the above? What bothers you, and how can you fix it? How much do you want to fix it? 确定那些烦你的东西 只有在推走那些你不想要的东西后,你才能高飞。想想有什么事物在困扰着你,一定要想具体点。不要单纯地说你讨厌你的办公室工作。准确地讲讲你为什么讨厌它。是因为你管得太细太严的上司?你的工作量?你那没有意义的职称?还是以上的全部?到底是什么在困扰着你?你将会怎样去解决它们?你想解决多少? 5.Determine what makes you truly happy There’s no waste to life if you’re happy living it. Your happiness is the root of your desires. So take a few moments and really think about what makes you happy. Is it traveling? Being around children? Owning a successful business? Your significant other? Financial freedom? Once you pinpoint the one thing that makes you happy the most, you’ll have a pretty clear idea of what you should strive for in your life. 决定那些让你开心的事 如果你快乐地过着生活,你的生命就没有浪费掉。你的快乐是你的欲望之源。所以,不妨花上一小会儿的时间,仔细想想,是什么让你幸福开心?是你有意义的另一半?是你经济上的自由?一旦你定位好了那件让你最开心的事,你就可以开始仔细想想,你应该为你的生命争取点什么? 6.Let people around you know what you’re trying to achieve Don’t keep your goals and desires to yourself. Voice it all out! If you tell people what you’re trying to accomplish, they will most likely support you and give you new ideas. Sometimes mother does know best! 让你身边的人知道你的努力方向 不要只把你的目标和愿望藏在心里。大声说出来!如果你告诉了人们你想要完成的东西,他们将很可能支持你,并且给你新的想法。有时候妈妈知道的最多! 7.Stay positive Life doesn’t always go how you want it. Don’t feel dismay as your plans stray. Take control. Instead of freaking out, try your best to roll with the changes. You will get there someday. You’re just taking a little detour. Sometimes a positive attitude is all you need to keep going. 积极向上 生活不总是按照你所希望的方向走。当你的计划偏离现实时,千万不要灰心。控制好自己。你要做的是尽一切努力去对付这些改变,而不是异想天开。你总有一天将会到达你梦想的彼岸的。你只要稍微绕绕道就行了。有时候,你所需要的坚持下去的全部,就是一个积极的心态!
54 次阅读|0 个评论
分享 You Belong To Me
2015 2012-9-28 12:43
You Belong To Me See the pyramids around the Nile 看着尼罗河畔的金字塔   watch the sunrise from a tropic isle 注视着热带岛屿的日出   just remember darling all the while - 回忆着自己最心爱的人   you belong to me 你属于我         See the marketplace in old Angier 注视着在老安吉尔的市场   send me photographs and souvenirs 递送着我的照片和纪念品   just remember when a dream appears - 回忆着梦里所展现的一切   you belong to me 你属于我      And I'll be so alone without you 没有你在身边我很孤单   maybe you'll be lonesome too 也许你也和我一样寂寞 Fly the ocean in a silver plane 乘着银色飞机飞跃海洋   see the jungle when it's wet with rain 望着正是雨季时的丛林   just remember till you're home again - 回忆着一切只到你归来   you belong to me 你属于我      Oh I'll be so alone without you 噢 没有你在身边我很孤单   maybe you'll be lonesome too 也许你和我一样会觉孤独         Fly the ocean in a silver plane 乘着银色飞机飞跃海洋   see the jungle when it's wet with rain 望着正是雨季时的丛林   just remember till you're home again - 回忆着一切只到你归来   you belong to me 你属于我
个人分类: 日常|22 次阅读|0 个评论

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