对产前环境、儿童生物学， 父母偏见对早产儿死亡率性别差异的影响

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摘要翻译：
早产儿死亡率的性别差异在以前的文献中被解释为生物构成的差异和家庭资源分配中的性别歧视。估计这些因素影响的研究通常假设后代性别比例是随机的，鉴于最近的证据表明孩子的性别部分由产前环境因素决定，这是不可信的。这些因素还可能影响儿童的健康和在子宫内或出生后的存活率，这意味着解释死亡率性别差异的传统方法可能产生偏颇的估计。我们提出了一种方法，将这些差异分解为产前环境、儿童生物学和父母偏好的影响。通过大量双胞胎样本，我们比较了印度和撒哈拉以南非洲男女双胞胎的死亡率，印度是一个以歧视女儿闻名的地区，而撒哈拉以南非洲认为父母对儿子和女儿的重视程度大致相同。我们发现：（1）产前环境正向影响男性儿童死亡率；（2）后者的生物学构成导致了其超额死亡率，但其影响已被高估；（3）印度父母对女性儿童的歧视对她们的生存产生了负面影响；但未能控制产前和生物学因素的影响，导致传统方法在婴儿期低估了237%，在儿童期低估了44%。
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英文标题：
《Twin Estimates of the Effects of Prenatal Environment, Child Biology,
  and Parental Bias on Sex Differences in Early Age Mortality》
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作者：
Roland Pongou
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最新提交年份：
2020
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分类信息：

一级分类：Economics        经济学
二级分类：General Economics        一般经济学
分类描述：General methodological, applied, and empirical contributions to economics.
对经济学的一般方法、应用和经验贡献。
--
一级分类：Quantitative Finance        数量金融学
二级分类：Economics        经济学
分类描述：q-fin.EC is an alias for econ.GN. Economics, including micro and macro economics, international economics, theory of the firm, labor economics, and other economic topics outside finance
q-fin.ec是econ.gn的别名。经济学，包括微观和宏观经济学、国际经济学、企业理论、劳动经济学和其他金融以外的经济专题
--

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英文摘要：
  Sex differences in early age mortality have been explained in prior literature by differences in biological make-up and gender discrimination in the allocation of household resources. Studies estimating the effects of these factors have generally assumed that offspring sex ratio is random, which is implausible in view of recent evidence that the sex of a child is partly determined by prenatal environmental factors. These factors may also affect child health and survival in utero or after birth, which implies that conventional approaches to explaining sex differences in mortality are likely to yield biased estimates. We propose a methodology for decomposing these differences into the effects of prenatal environment, child biology, and parental preferences. Using a large sample of twins, we compare mortality rates in male-female twin pairs in India, a region known for discriminating against daughters, and sub-Saharan Africa, a region where sons and daughters are thought to be valued by their parents about equally. We find that: (1) prenatal environment positively affects the mortality of male children; (2) biological make-up of the latter contributes to their excess mortality, but its effect has been previously overestimated; and (3) parental discrimination against female children in India negatively affects their survival; but failure to control for the effects of prenatal and biological factors leads conventional approaches to underestimating its effect by 237 percent during infancy, and 44 percent during childhood.
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PDF链接：
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.05712

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关键词：性别差异 早产儿 死亡率 生物学 Conventional biological Sex 性别差异 因素 mortality