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William G[1]. Cochran Sampling Techniques, Third Edition 1977.rar
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本附件包括：- William G[1]. Cochran Sampling Techniques, Third Edition 1977.djvu
Publication Date:January 1, 1977| ISBN-10:047116240X| ISBN-13:978-0471162407| Edition:3rd
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高清版本，可以复制里面的文字。
这本书可以是国内几乎所有写抽样调查书都参考了或者说是抄了的的经典著作。。。例如许宝騄的抽样论，冯士雍的抽样调查理论与方法，孙山泽的抽样调查，等等。。。
1 INTRODUCTION i
1.1 Advantages of the SampUng Method 1
1.2 Some Uses of Sample Surveys 2
1.3 The Principal Steps in a Sample Survey 4
1.4 The Role of SampUng Theory 8
1.5 Probability Sampling 9
1.6 Alternatives to Probability SampHng 10
1.7 Use of the Normal Distribution 11
1.8 Bias and Its Effects 12
1.9 The Mean Square Error 15
Exercises 16
2 SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING 18
2.1 Simple Random SampUng 18
2.2 Selection of a Simple Random Sample 19
2.3 Definitions and Notation 20
2.4 Properties of the Estimates 21
2.5 Variances of the Estimates . 23
2.6 The Finite Population Correction 24
2.7 Estimation of the Standard Error from a Sample 25
2.8 Confidence Limits 27
2.9 An Alternative Method of Proof 28
2.10 Random SampUng with Replacement 29
2.11 Estimation of a Ratio 30
2.12 Estimates of Means Over Subpopuiations 34
2.13 Estimates of Totals Over Subpopuiations 35
2.14 Comparisons Between Domain Means 39
2.15 Validity of the Normal Approximation 39
2.16 Linear Estimators of the Population Mean 44
Exercises 45
3 SAMPLING PROPORTIONS
AND PERCENTAGES so
3.1 Qualitative Characteristics 50
3.2 Variances of the Sample Estimates 50
3.3 The Effect of Pon the Standard Errors 53
3.4 The Binomial Distribution 55
3.5 The Hypergeometric Distribution 55
3.6 Confidence Limits 57
3.7 Classification into More than Two Classes 60
3.8 Confidence Limits with More than Two Classes 60
3.9 The Conditional Distribution of/? 61
3.10 Proportions and Totals Over Subpopulations 63
3.11 Comparisons Between Different Domains 64
3.12 Estimation of Proportions in Cluster Sampling 64
Exercises 68
4 THE ESTIMATION OF SAMPLE SIZE 72
4.1 A Hypothetical Example 72
4.2 Analysis of the Problem 73
4.3 The Specification of Precision . 74
4.4 The Formula for n in Sampling for Proportions 75
4.5 Rare Items—Inverse Sampling 76
4.6 The Formula for/I with Continuous Data 77
4.7 Advance Estimates of Population Variances 78
4.8 Sample Size with More than One Item 81
4.9 Sample Size when Estimates Are Wanted for Subdivisions of the
Population 82
4.10 Sample Size in Decision Problems 83
4.11 The Design Effect (D£j90 85
Exercises 86
5 STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING 89
5.1 Description 89
5.2 Notation 90
5.3 Properties of the Estimates 91
5.4 The Estimated Variance and Confidence Limits 95
5.5 Optimum Allocation 96
5.6 Relative Precision of Stratified Random and Simple Random
Sampling 99
5.7 When Does Stratification Produce Large Gains in Precision? . . . 101
5.8 Allocation Requiring More than 100 Per Cent SampHng 104
5.9 Estimation of Sample Size with Continuous Data 105
5.10 Stratified SampHng for Proportions 107
5.11 Gains in Precision in Stratified Sampling for Proportions .... 109
5.12 Estimation of Sample Size with Proportions 110
Exercises 111
5 A FURTHER ASPECTS OF
STRATIFIED SAMPLING lis
5A.1 Effects of Deviations from the Optimum Allocation 115
5A.2 Effects of Errors in the Stratum Sizes 117
5 A.3 The Problem of Allocation with More than One Item ....... 119
5 A.4 Other Methods of Allocation with More than One Item 121
5 A.5 Two-Way Stratification with Small Samples 124
5A.6 Controlled Selection 126
5 A.7 The Construction of Strata 127
5A.8 Number of Strata 132
5 A.9 Stratification After Selection of the Sample (Poststratification) . . 134
5 A. 10 Quota Sampling 135
5A.11 Estimation from a Sample of the Gain Due to Stratification . . . 136
5 A. 12 Estimation of Variance with One Unit per Stratum 138
5 A. 13 Strata as Domains of Study 140
5 A. 14 Estimating Totals and Means Over Subpopulations 142
5 A. 15 Sampling from Two Frames 144
Exercises 146
6 RATIO ESTIMATORS 150
6.1 Methods of Estimation 150
6.2 The Ratio Estimate 150
6.3 Approximate Variance of the Ratio Estimate 153
6.4 Estimation of the Variance from a Sample 155
6.5 Confidence Limits 156
6.6 Comparison of the Ratio Estimate with Mean per Unit 157
6.7 Conditions Under Which the Ratio Estimate Is a Best Linear Unbiased Estimator 158
6.8 Bias of the Ratio Estimate 160
6.9 Accuracy of the Formulas for the Variance and Estimated
Variance 162
6.10 Ratio Estimates in Stratified Random Sampling 164
6.11 The Combined Ratio Estimate 165
6.12 Comparison of the Combined and Separate Estimates ..... 167
6.13 Short-Cut Computation of the Estimated Variance 169
6.14 Optimum Allocation with a Ratio Estimate 172
6.15 Unbiased Ratio-type Estimates 174
6.16 Comparison of the Methods 177
6.17 Improved Estimation of Variance . .^ 178
6.18 Comparison of Two Ratios 180
6.19 Ratio of Two Ratios 183
6.20 Multivariate Ratio Estimates 184
6.21 Product Estimators 186
Exercises 186
7 REGRESSION ESTIMATORS 189
7.1 The Linear Regression Estimate 189
7.2 Regression Estimates with Preassigned Z? 190
7.3 Regression Estimates when ^ Is Computed from the Sample . . . 193
7.4 Sample Estimate of Variance 195
7.5 Large-Sample Comparison with the Ratio Estimate and the Mean per Unit 195
7.6 Accuracy of the Large-Sample Formulas for V(y/r) and i;(yJ . ... 197
7.7 Bias of the Linear Regression Estimate 198
7.8 The Linear Regression Estimator Under a Linear Regression Model 199
7.9 Regression Estimates in Stratified Sampling 200
7.10 Regression Coefficients Estimated from the Sample 201
7.11 Comparison of the Two Types of Regression Estimate 203
Exercises 203
8 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING 205
8.1 Description 205
8.2 Relation to Cluster Sampling 207
8.3 Variance of the Estimated Mean 207
8.4 Comparison of Systematic with Stratified Random SampHng ... 212
8.5 Populations in "Random" Order 212
8.6 Populations with Linear Trend 214
8.7 Methods for Populations with Linear Trends 216
8.8 Populations with Periodic Variation 217
8.9 Autocorrelated Populations 219
8.10 Natural Populations 221
8.11 Estimation of the Variance from a Single Sample 223
8.12 Stratified Systematic Sampling 226
8.13 Systematic Sampling in Two Dimensions 227
8.14 Summary 229
Exercises , 231
。。。
12 DOUBLE SAMPLING 327
12.1 Description of the Technique 327
12.2 Double Sampling for Stratification 327
12.3 Optimum Allocation 331
12.4 Estimated Variance in Double Sampling for Stratification .... 333
12.5 Double Sampling for Analytical Comparisons 335
12.6 Regression Estimators .^ 338
12.7 Optimum Allocation and Comparison with Single Sampling . . . 341
12.8 Estimated Variance in Double Sampling for Regression 343
12.9 Ratio Estimators 343
12.10 Repeated Sampling of the Same Population 344
12.11 Sampling on Two Occasions 346
12.12 Sampling on More than Two Occasions 348
12.13 Simplifications and Further Developments 351
Exercises 355
13 SOURCES OF ERROR IN SURVEYS 359
13.1 Introduction 359
13.2 Effects of Nonresponse 359
13.3 Types of Nonresponse 364
13.4 Call-backs 365
13.5 A Mathematical Model of the Effects of Call-backs 367
13.6 Optimum Sampling Fraction Among the Nonrespondents .... 370
13.7 Adjustments for Bias Without Call-backs 374
13.8 A Mathematical Model for Errors of Measurement 377
13.9 Effects of Constant Bias 379
13.10 Effects of Errors that Are Uncorrelated Within the Sample ... 380
13.11 Effects of Intrasample Correlation Between Errors of
Measurement 383
13.12 Summary of the Effects of Errors of Measurement 384
13.13 The Study of Errors of Measurement 384
13.14 Repeated Measurement of Subsamples . . ; 386
13.15 Interpenetrating Subsamples 388
13.16 Combination of Interpenetration and Repeated Measurement . . 391
13.17 Sensitive Questions: Randomized Responses ......... 392
13.18 The Unrelated Second Question 393
13.19 Summary 395
Exercises 396
References 400
Answers to Exercises 412
Author Index 419
Subject Index 422
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