<p><br/>《Economic Growth》,Barro等著,宏观经济学经典教材,这是第二版,PDF格式,超清晰,673页。</p><p><img alt="" src="http://g-ec2.images-amazon.com/images/I/41808VYD2EL._AA240_.jpg" border="0"/></p><p>Contents</p><p>Preface xv</p><p>About the Authors xvii</p><p>Introduction 1</p><p>I.1 The Importance of Growth 1</p><p>I.2 The World Income Distribution 6</p><p>I.3 Empirical Regularities about Economic Growth 12</p><p>I.4 A Brief History of Modern Growth Theory 16</p><p>I.5 Some Highlights of the Second Edition 21</p><p>1 Growth Models with Exogenous Saving Rates</p><p>(the Solow–Swan Model) 23</p><p>1.1 The Basic Structure 23</p><p>1.2 The Neoclassical Model of Solow and Swan 26</p><p>1.2.1 The Neoclassical Production Function 26</p><p>1.2.2 The Fundamental Equation of the Solow–Swan Model 30</p><p>1.2.3 Markets 31</p><p>1.2.4 The Steady State 33</p><p>1.2.5 The Golden Rule of Capital Accumulation</p><p>and Dynamic Inefficiency 34</p><p>1.2.6 Transitional Dynamics 37</p><p>1.2.7 Behavior of Input Prices During the Transition 40</p><p>1.2.8 Policy Experiments 41</p><p>1.2.9 An Example: Cobb–Douglas Technology 43</p><p>1.2.10 Absolute and Conditional Convergence 44</p><p>1.2.11 Convergence and the Dispersion of Per Capita Income 50</p><p>1.2.12 Technological Progress 51</p><p>1.2.13 A Quantitative Measure of the Speed of Convergence 56</p><p>1.3 Models of Endogenous Growth 61</p><p>1.3.1 Theoretical Dissatisfaction with Neoclassical Theory 61</p><p>1.3.2 The AK Model 63</p><p>1.3.3 Endogenous Growth with Transitional Dynamics 66</p><p>1.3.4 Constant-Elasticity-of-Substitution Production Functions 68</p><p>1.4 Other Production Functions . . . Other Growth Theories 71</p><p>1.4.1 The Leontief Production Function and</p><p>the Harrod–Domar Controversy 71</p><p>1.4.2 Growth Models with Poverty Traps 74</p><p>vi Contents</p><p>1.5 Appendix: Proofs of Various Propositions 77</p><p>1.5.1 Proof That Each Input Is Essential for Production</p><p>with a Neoclassical Production Function 77</p><p>1.5.2 Properties of the Convergence Coefficient</p><p>in the Solow–Swan Model 78</p><p>1.5.3 Proof That Technological Progress Must</p><p>Be Labor Augmenting 78</p><p>1.5.4 Properties of the CES Production Function 80</p><p>1.6 Problems 81</p><p>2 Growth Models with Consumer Optimization</p><p>(the Ramsey Model) 85</p><p>2.1 Households 86</p><p>2.1.1 Setup of the Model 86</p><p>2.1.2 First-Order Conditions 89</p><p>2.2 Firms 94</p><p>2.3 Equilibrium 97</p><p>2.4 Alternative Environments 98</p><p>2.5 The Steady State 99</p><p>2.6 Transitional Dynamics 102</p><p>2.6.1 The Phase Diagram 102</p><p>2.6.2 The Importance of the Transversality Condition 104</p><p>2.6.3 The Shape of the Stable Arm 105</p><p>2.6.4 Behavior of the Saving Rate 106</p><p>2.6.5 The Paths of the Capital Stock and Output 110</p><p>2.6.6 Speeds of Convergence 111</p><p>2.6.7 Household Heterogeneity 118</p><p>2.7 Nonconstant Time-Preference Rates 121</p><p>2.7.1 Results under Commitment 123</p><p>2.7.2 Results without Commitment under Log Utility 124</p><p>2.7.3 Population Growth and Technological Progress 129</p><p>2.7.4 Results under Isoelastic Utility 130</p><p>2.7.5 The Degree of Commitment 132</p><p>2.8 Appendix 2A: Log-Linearization of the Ramsey Model 132</p><p>2.9 Appendix 2B: Irreversible Investment 134</p><p>Contents vii</p><p>2.10 Appendix 2C: Behavior of the Saving Rate 135</p><p>2.11 Appendix 2D: Proof That γˆκ Declines Monotonically</p><p>If the Economy Starts from ˆk(0) &lt; ˆk. 137</p><p>2.12 Problems 139</p><p>3 Extensions of the Ramsey Growth Model 143</p><p>3.1 Government 143</p><p>3.1.1 Modifications of the Ramsey Framework 143</p><p>3.1.2 Effects of Tax Rates 146</p><p>3.1.3 Effects of Government Purchases 147</p><p>3.2 Adjustment Costs for Investment 152</p><p>3.2.1 The Behavior of Firms 152</p><p>3.2.2 Equilibrium with a Given Interest Rate 155</p><p>3.2.3 Equilibrium for a Closed Economy with a Fixed</p><p>Saving Rate 159</p><p>3.3 An Open-Economy Ramsey Model 161</p><p>3.3.1 Setup of the Model 161</p><p>3.3.2 Behavior of a Small Economy’s Capital Stock and Output 162</p><p>3.3.3 Behavior of a Small Economy’s Consumption and Assets 163</p><p>3.3.4 The World Equilibrium 164</p><p>3.4 The World Economy with a Constraint on International Credit 165</p><p>3.4.1 Setup of a Model with Physical and Human Capital 166</p><p>3.4.2 The Closed Economy 167</p><p>3.4.3 The Open Economy 168</p><p>3.5 Variations in Preference Parameters 177</p><p>3.6 Economic Growth in a Model with Finite Horizons 179</p><p>3.6.1 Choices in a Model with Finite Horizons 179</p><p>3.6.2 The Finite-Horizon Model of a Closed Economy 183</p><p>3.6.3 The Finite-Horizon Model of an Open Economy 186</p><p>3.7 Some Conclusions 189</p><p>3.8 Appendix: Overlapping-Generations Models 190</p><p>3.8.1 Households 190</p><p>3.8.2 Firms 192</p><p>3.8.3 Equilibrium 193</p><p>3.9 Problems 200</p><p>viii Contents</p><p>4 One-Sector Models of Endogenous Growth 205</p><p>4.1 The AK Model 205</p><p>4.1.1 Behavior of Households 205</p><p>4.1.2 Behavior of Firms 206</p><p>4.1.3 Equilibrium 207</p><p>4.1.4 Transitional Dynamics 208</p><p>4.1.5 The Phase Diagram 209</p><p>4.1.6 Determinants of the Growth Rate 210</p><p>4.2 A One-Sector Model with Physical and Human Capital 211</p><p>4.3 Models with Learning by Doing and Knowledge Spillovers 212</p><p>4.3.1 Technology 212</p><p>4.3.2 Equilibrium 216</p><p>4.3.3 Pareto Nonoptimality and Policy Implications 216</p><p>4.3.4 A Cobb–Douglas Example 217</p><p>4.3.5 Scale Effects 218</p><p>4.4 Public Services and Endogenous Growth 220</p><p>4.4.1 A Public-Goods Model 220</p><p>4.4.2 A Congestion Model 223</p><p>4.5 Transitional Dynamics, Endogenous Growth 226</p><p>4.5.1 A Cobb–Douglas Example 226</p><p>4.5.2 A CES Example 230</p><p>4.6 Concluding Observations 232</p><p>4.7 Appendix: Endogenous Growth in the One-Sector Model 232</p><p>4.8 Problems 235</p><p>5 Two-Sector Models of Endogenous Growth (with Special</p><p>Attention to the Role of Human Capital) 239</p><p>5.1 A One-Sector Model with Physical and Human Capital 240</p><p>5.1.1 The Basic Setup 240</p><p>5.1.2 The Constraint of Nonnegative Gross Investment 242</p><p>5.2 Different Technologies for Production and Education 247</p><p>5.2.1 The Model with Two Sectors of Production 247</p><p>5.2.2 The Uzawa–Lucas Model 251</p><p>5.2.3 The Generalized Uzawa–Lucas Model 266</p><p>5.2.4 The Model with Reversed Factor Intensities 267</p><p>5.3 Conditions for Endogenous Growth 268</p><p>Contents ix</p><p>5.4 Summary Observations 271</p><p>5.5 Appendix 5A: Transitional Dynamics with Inequality Restrictions</p><p>on Gross Investment in the One-Sector Model 271</p><p>5.6 Appendix 5B: Solution of the Uzawa–Lucas Model 274</p><p>5.7 Appendix 5C: The Model with Reversed Factor Intensities 280</p><p>5.8 Problems 282</p><p>6 Technological Change: Models with an Expanding Variety</p><p>of Products 285</p><p>6.1 A Baseline Model with a Variety of Products 285</p><p>6.1.1 The Producers of Final Output 285</p><p>6.1.2 Research Firms 289</p><p>6.1.3 Households 295</p><p>6.1.4 General Equilibrium 295</p><p>6.1.5 Determinants of the Growth Rate 297</p><p>6.1.6 Pareto Optimality 297</p><p>6.1.7 Scale Effects and the Cost of R&amp;D 300</p><p>6.1.8 A Rising Cost of R&amp;D 303</p><p>6.2 Erosion of Monopoly Power, Competition 305</p><p>6.3 Romer’s Model of Technological Change 310</p><p>6.4 Concluding Observations 313</p><p>6.5 Problems 313</p><p>7 Technological Change: Schumpeterian Models</p><p>of Quality Ladders 317</p><p>7.1 Sketch of the Model 317</p><p>7.2 The Model 319</p><p>7.2.1 The Producers of Final Output: Levels of Quality</p><p>in the Production Technology 319</p><p>7.2.2 The Research Sector 321</p><p>7.2.3 Consumers 328</p><p>7.2.4 Behavior of the Aggregate Quality Index</p><p>and Endogenous Growth 329</p><p>7.2.5 Scale Effects Again 331</p><p>7.3 Innovation by the Leader 333</p><p>7.3.1 Interactions Between the Leader and the Outsiders 333</p><p>7.3.2 The Leader as a Monopoly Researcher 336</p><p>x Contents</p><p>7.4 Pareto Optimality 339</p><p>7.5 Summary Observations about Growth 342</p><p>7.6 Appendix 343</p><p>7.6.1 Intermediates of Various Quality Grades 343</p><p>7.6.2 The Duration of a Monopoly Position 345</p><p>7.6.3 The Market Value of Firms 346</p><p>7.6.4 Research by the Industry Leader 346</p><p>7.7 Problems 347</p><p>8 The Diffusion of Technology 349</p><p>8.1 Behavior of Innovators in the Leading Country 351</p><p>8.2 Behavior of Imitators in the Follower Country 352</p><p>8.2.1 Producers of Final Output 352</p><p>8.2.2 Imitating Firms 353</p><p>8.2.3 Consumers 357</p><p>8.2.4 Steady-State Growth 357</p><p>8.2.5 The Dynamic Path and Convergence 359</p><p>8.3 Constant (or Slowly Rising) Costs of Imitation 363</p><p>8.3.1 The Steady State 364</p><p>8.3.2 Transitional Dynamics 365</p><p>8.4 Foreign Investment and Intellectual Property Rights 368</p><p>8.5 General Implications for Growth Rates in Follower Countries 370</p><p>8.6 Switchovers of Technological Leadership, Leapfrogging 373</p><p>8.7 Welfare Considerations 376</p><p>8.8 Summary Observations about Diffusion and Growth 379</p><p>8.9 Problems 380</p><p>9 Labor Supply and Population 383</p><p>9.1 Migration in Models of Economic Growth 383</p><p>9.1.1 Migration in the Solow–Swan Model 384</p><p>9.1.2 Migration in the Ramsey Model 393</p><p>9.1.3 The Braun Model of Migration and Growth 398</p><p>9.2 Fertility Choice 407</p><p>9.2.1 An Overlapping-Generations Setup 408</p><p>9.2.2 The Model in Continuous Time 411</p><p>9.3 Labor/Leisure Choice 422</p><p>Contents xi</p><p>9.4 Appendix: The Form of the Utility Function with Consumption</p><p>and Work Effort 427</p><p>9.5 Problems 428</p><p>10 Growth Accounting 433</p><p>10.1 Standard Primal Growth Accounting 433</p><p>10.1.1 Basic Setup 433</p><p>10.1.2 Measuring Inputs 436</p><p>10.1.3 Results from Growth Accounting 438</p><p>10.1.4 A Note on Regression-Based Estimates of TFP Growth 441</p><p>10.2 Dual Approach to Growth Accounting 442</p><p>10.3 Problems with Growth Accounting 444</p><p>10.3.1 An Increasing-Returns Model with Spillovers 445</p><p>10.3.2 Taxes 447</p><p>10.3.3 Multiple Types of Factors 449</p><p>10.4 TFP Growth and R&amp;D 450</p><p>10.4.1 Varieties Models 451</p><p>10.4.2 Quality-Ladders Models 454</p><p>10.5 Growth Accounting Versus Sources of Growth 457</p><p>11 Empirical Analysis of Regional Data Sets 461</p><p>11.1 Two Concepts of Convergence 462</p><p>11.2 Convergence Across the U.S. States 466</p><p>11.2.1 β Convergence 466</p><p>11.2.2 Measurement Error 472</p><p>11.2.3 σ Convergence 473</p><p>11.3 Convergence Across Japanese Prefectures 474</p><p>11.3.1 β Convergence 474</p><p>11.3.2 σ Convergence Across Prefectures 478</p><p>11.4 Convergence Across European Regions 479</p><p>11.4.1 β Convergence 479</p><p>11.4.2 σ Convergence 482</p><p>11.5 Convergence Across Other Regions Around the World 482</p><p>11.6 Migration Across the U.S. States 483</p><p>11.7 Migration Across Japanese Prefectures 486</p><p>11.8 Migration Across European Regions 490</p><p>xii Contents</p><p>11.9 Migration and Convergence 492</p><p>11.10 β Convergence in Panel Data with Fixed Effects 495</p><p>11.11 Conclusions 496</p><p>11.12 Appendix on Regional Data Sets 497</p><p>11.12.1 Data for U.S. States 497</p><p>11.12.2 Data for European Regions 500</p><p>11.12.3 Data for Japanese Prefectures 506</p><p>12 Empirical Analysis of a Cross Section of Countries 511</p><p>12.1 Losers and Winners from 1960 to 2000 511</p><p>12.2 An Empirical Analysis of Growth Rates 515</p><p>12.2.1 Effects from State Variables 517</p><p>12.2.2 Control and Environmental Variables 518</p><p>12.3 Regression Results for Growth Rates 521</p><p>12.3.1 A Basic Regression 521</p><p>12.3.2 Tests of Stability of Coefficients 534</p><p>12.3.3 Additional Explanatory Variables 535</p><p>12.4 Summary and Conclusions about Growth 541</p><p>12.5 Robustness 541</p><p>12.5.1 Levine and Renelt (1992) 542</p><p>12.5.2 Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE) 543</p><p>12.5.3 Main Results in Sala-i-Martin, Doppelhofer,</p><p>and Miller (2003) 547</p><p>12.5.4 Robustness Analysis 556</p><p>12.6 Appendix: Long-Term Data on GDP 559</p><p>Appendix on Mathematical Methods 567</p><p>A.1 Differential Equations 568</p><p>A.1.1 Introduction 568</p><p>A.1.2 First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations 569</p><p>A.1.3 Systems of Linear Ordinary Differential Equations 576</p><p>A.2 Static Optimization 597</p><p>A.2.1 Unconstrained Maxima 597</p><p>A.2.2 Classical Nonlinear Programming: Equality Constraints 598</p><p>A.2.3 Inequality Constraints: The Kuhn–Tucker Conditions 600</p><p>A.3 Dynamic Optimization in Continuous Time 604</p><p>A.3.1 Introduction 604</p><p>Contents xiii</p><p>A.3.2 The Typical Problem 605</p><p>A.3.3 Heuristic Derivation of the First-Order Conditions 606</p><p>A.3.4 Transversality Conditions 609</p><p>A.3.5 The Behavior of the Hamiltonian over Time 609</p><p>A.3.6 Sufficient Conditions 610</p><p>A.3.7 Infinite Horizons 610</p><p>A.3.8 Example: The Neoclassical Growth Model 612</p><p>A.3.9 Transversality Conditions in Infinite-Horizon Problems 613</p><p>A.3.10 Summary of the Procedure to Find the First-Order Conditions 615</p><p>A.3.11 Present-Value and Current-Value Hamiltonians 616</p><p>A.3.12 Multiple Variables 617</p><p>A.4 Useful Results in Matrix Algebra: Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors,</p><p>and Diagonalization of Matrices 618</p><p>A.5 Useful Results in Calculus 620</p><p>A.5.1 Implicit-Function Theorem 620</p><p>A.5.2 Taylor’s Theorem 621</p><p>A.5.3 L’Hˆopital’s Rule 622</p><p>A.5.4 Integration by Parts 623</p><p>A.5.5 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 624</p><p>A.5.6 Rules of Differentiation of Integrals 624</p><p>References 627</p><p>Index 641</p><p>
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