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Contents
Preface Vll
1. Introduction
2. Mathematical Prelude: A Selective Introduction to Logic and Set Theory for Social Scientists
I. CAUSAL MODELS AND INFERENCE
3. Causes-of-Eff ects versus Eff ects-of-Causes
4. Causal Models
5. Asymmetry
6. Hume's Two Defi nitions of Cause
II. WITHIN-CASE ANALYSIS
7. Within-Case versus Cross-Case Causal Analysis
8. Causal Mechanisms and Process Tracing
9. Counterfactuals
Ill. CONCEPTS AND MEASUREMENT
10. Concepts: Definitions, Indicators, and Error
11. Meaning and Measurement
12. Semantics, Statistics, and Data Transformations
13. Conceptual Opposites and Typologies
IV. RESEARCH DESIGN AND GENERALIZATION
14. Case Selection and Hypothesis Testing
15. Generalizations
16. Scope
17. Conclusion
Appendix
Name Index
Subject Index
This book analyzes quantitative and qualitative research in the social sci-
ences as separate cultures. We arrived at this "two cultures" view in the
course of carrying out teaching and research over the last decade. We repeat-
edly discovered ways in which qualitative and quantitative researchers vary
in their methodological orientations and research practices. We also observed
misunderstandings and constrained communication among qualitative and
quantitative researchers. As we tried to make sense of these facts, it became
clear to us that the qualitative and quantitative traditions exhibit all the traits
of separate cultures, including diff erent norms, practices, and tool kits.
Our goal in writing this book is to increase scholarly understanding of
the ways in which these cultures are diff erent as well as the rationales
behind those differences. In order to do this, we cover a large range of
methodological topics. These topics concern key research design and data
analysis questions that nearly all social scientists must face. Many of the
topics covered here are not addressed in research methods textbooks and
cannot be found together in any convenient book on methodology, qualitative
or quantitative. Hence, one way to read and use this volume is as a guide
to the range of questions that any social scientist might consider when
designing and carrying out research.
We fi rst learned about each other's research while teaching at the Institute
for Qualitative and Multi-Method Research, and we would like to express
our gratitude to the many students who attended this Institute and gave us
feedback on our two cultures argument over the years. We owe the Institute's
leader, Colin Elman, special thanks for making room for our work in the
annual program. We are also grateful to the Organized Section on Qualitative
and Multi-Method Research of the American Political Science Association,
which provided newsletter and conference outlets for early draft s of several
chapters.
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