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Causal inference using multilevel models
Causal inference using regression has an inherent multilevel structure—the data give comparisons between units, but the desired 才ausal inferences are within units. Experimental designs such as pairing and blocking assign different treatments to different units within a group. Observational analyses such as pairing or panel study attempt to capture groups of similar observations with variation in treatment assignment within groups
chap23.pdf
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http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/arm/


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