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英文文献：Private Sector Participation in the Provision of Quality Drinking Water in Ghana’s Urban Areas: Are People Willing to Pay?-私营部门参与加纳城市地区提供高质量饮用水:人们愿意支付费用吗?
英文文献作者：Francis Mensah Asenso-Boadi,Godwin K. Vondolia
英文文献摘要：
Access to clean drinking water is not only a fundamental human right, but also claims a big stake in economic growth, poverty reduction and sustainable development. With an increase in population, rapid urbanization and increasing income levels, the demand for water outstrips public water supply in developing countries. As a result, private water production has been promoted in developing countries to achieve greater efficiency and expansion in order to supplement public water supply. This study used the contin-gent valuation method to survey households in three cities in Ghana to estimate their willingness to pay in a bid to evaluate a policy of better water supply for urban areas in Ghana. It was found that more than 80% of the respondents favour some form of private sector engagement in water quality improvement. Also, the mean willingness to pay for water quality improvement is about GH?13.42 (US$12) per month. Given the mean household monthly water bill of GH?10.82, these results indicate that there is demand for water quality improvement and the general view is that private sector engagement is likely to provide these services. However, the same policy measure will marginalize the poor in terms of access to water. Therefore, private sector participation in water de-livery, with a corresponding complementary government programme to promote access to water among low income households, would deliver the double dividends of water quality and universal access, which characterize the debate on private sector engage-ment in water provision in Ghana.
获得清洁饮用水不仅是一项基本人权，而且在经济增长、减贫和可持续发展方面也牵涉重大利益。随着人口的增加、城市化的迅速和收入水平的提高，发展中国家对水的需求超过了公共水的供应。因此，发展中国家促进了私人生产水，以提高效率和扩大生产，以补充公共供水。本研究使用持续价值评估法，调查加纳三个城市的家庭，估计他们愿意为评价加纳城市地区更好的供水政策而出价。调查发现，超过80%的受访者赞成私营机构以某种形式参与改善水质的工作。此外，愿意为改善水质而支付的平均价格是每月13.42纽约格(约合12美元)。考虑到每个家庭每月平均水费为10.82瑞士格伦，这些结果表明，存在改善水质的需求，一般认为，私营部门有可能提供这些服务。但是，同样的政策措施将使穷人在获得水方面处于边缘地位。因此，私营部门参与供水，并制定相应的政府补充方案，促进低收入家庭获得水，将带来水质和普遍获得水的双重好处，这是关于加纳供水中私营部门获得水的辩论的特点。
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