NEG文献研读(8)-‘New’ new economic geography

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第三个主题：新经济地理（NEG），第8篇文献

OttavianoGianmarco I.P. ‘New’ new economic geography: firm heterogeneity andagglomeration economies [J]. Journal of EconomicGeography, 2011, 11(2), 231–240.

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关键词：Geography Economic econom graphy Econo economic Journal 2011

区域经济爱好者 发表于 2014-5-24 04:51
第三个主题：新经济地理（NEG），第8篇文献
OttavianoGianmarco I.P. ‘New’ new economic geography:  ...

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空间聚集出现：
距离的作用。Externalities and imperfect competition seems to be affected by the scale of the analysis.
不完全竞争的作用。Nonetheless, direct physical contact seems to be less relevant when one wants to explain larger interregional agglomerations such as the Manufacturing Belt in the USA and the Hot Banana in Europe. Here imperfect competition in the presence of distance-related transaction costs comes to play center stage.

企业异质性成为一种分散力。
The foregoing model evolves in a ‘new’ NEG model if one introduces efficiency differences between firms to see how they interact with the differences in production costs and market size. When differences between firms are introduced together with differences between locations, the less efficient firm 2 has a stronger incentive to avoid the tougher competition due to agglomeration in the advantaged location H (Baldwin and Okubo, 2006). Accordingly, firm heterogeneity acts as an additional dispersion force. The more so, the larger the trade costs and the larger the substitutability between firms’ products.
While the elasticity of substitution between firms’ varieties captures ‘horizontal’ product differentiation, the difference between their efficiencies captures ‘vertical’ product differentiation. Hence, the above arguments imply that while horizontal differentiation fosters the spatial concentration of firms, vertical differentiation works in the opposite direction. In this respect, the degree of heterogeneity in efficiency or quality across firms becomes an additional microeconomic parameter determining the geographical distribution of economic activities through its impact on the relative intensity of agglomeration and dispersion forces.

未来方向
First, one could check to what extent accounting for micro-heterogeneity affects the key features of NEG models.
Second, one could go beyond NEG-specific issues. For example, one could revisit the vexata quaestio of the micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies. Recent works along this line include Holmes and Stevens (2006), Behrens and Robert-Nicoud (2008), Combes et al. (2008a) and Combes et al. (2009). In this respect, the challenge is to develop models in which heterogeneous firms match with heterogeneous workers along the lines drawn.

Third, similar questions could be asked in terms of organizational choices, on which NEG has always been rather silent. Understanding the different location and ownership strategies through which heterogeneous firms organize their activities in space, and how different organizational choices at the micro-level affect agglomeration at the macro-level both from a static and a dynamic points of view, would be another welcome addition to the existing literature.